diff --git a/test/issues/643/run_test.sh b/test/issues/643/run_test.sh new file mode 100755 index 0000000..d54116e --- /dev/null +++ b/test/issues/643/run_test.sh @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +time vim -Nu test.vim diff --git a/test/issues/643/test.tex b/test/issues/643/test.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0331ef7 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/issues/643/test.tex @@ -0,0 +1,1110 @@ +\documentclass[12pt]{article} + +\usepackage{amsmath} % need for subequations +\usepackage{graphicx} % need for figures +\usepackage{verbatim} % useful for program listings +\usepackage{color} % use if color is used in text +\usepackage{subfigure} % use for side-by-side figures +\usepackage{hyperref} % use for hypertext links, including those to external documents and URLs + +% don't need the following. simply use defaults +\setlength{\baselineskip}{16.0pt} % 16 pt usual spacing between lines + +\setlength{\parskip}{3pt plus 2pt} +\setlength{\parindent}{20pt} +\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{0.5cm} +\setlength{\evensidemargin}{0.5cm} +\setlength{\marginparsep}{0.75cm} +\setlength{\marginparwidth}{2.5cm} +\setlength{\marginparpush}{1.0cm} +\setlength{\textwidth}{150mm} + +\begin{comment} + \pagestyle{empty} % use if page numbers not wanted +\end{comment} + +% above is the preamble + +\begin{document} + +\begin{center} + {\large Introduction to \LaTeX} \\ % \\ = new line + \copyright 2006 by Harvey Gould \\ + December 5, 2006 +\end{center} + +\section{Introduction} +\TeX\ looks more difficult than it is. It is +almost as easy as $\pi$. See how easy it is to make special +symbols such as $\alpha$, +$\beta$, $\gamma$, +$\delta$, $\sin x$, $\hbar$, $\lambda$, $\ldots$ We also can make +subscripts +$A_{x}$, $A_{xy}$ and superscripts, $e^x$, $e^{x^2}$, and +$e^{a^b}$. We will use \LaTeX, which is based on \TeX\ and has +many higher-level commands (macros) for formatting, making +tables, etc. More information can be found in Ref.~\cite{latex}. + +We just made a new paragraph. Extra lines and spaces make no +difference. Note that all formulas are enclosed by +\$ and occur in \textit{math mode}. + +The default font is Computer Modern. It includes \textit{italics}, +\textbf{boldface}, +\textsl{slanted}, and \texttt{monospaced} fonts. + +\section{Equations} +Let us see how easy it is to write equations. +\begin{equation} + \Delta =\sum_{i=1}^N w_i (x_i - \bar{x})^2 . +\end{equation} +It is a good idea to number equations, but we can have a +equation without a number by writing +\begin{equation} + P(x) = \frac{x - a}{b - a} , \nonumber +\end{equation} +and +\begin{equation} + g = \frac{1}{2} \sqrt{2\pi} . \nonumber +\end{equation} + +We can give an equation a label so that we can refer to it later. +\begin{equation} + \label{eq:ising} + E = -J \sum_{i=1}^N s_i s_{i+1} , +\end{equation} +Equation~\eqref{eq:ising} expresses the energy of a configuration +of spins in the Ising model.\footnote{It is necessary to process (typeset) a +file twice to get the counters correct.} + +We can define our own macros to save typing. For example, suppose +that we introduce the macros: +\begin{verbatim} + \newcommand{\lb}{{\langle}} + \newcommand{\rb}{{\rangle}} +\end{verbatim} +\newcommand{\lb}{{\langle}} +\newcommand{\rb}{{\rangle}} +Then we can write the average value of $x$ as +\begin{verbatim} +\begin{equation} +\lb x \rb = 3 +\end{equation} +\end{verbatim} +The result is +\begin{equation} + \lb x \rb = 3 . +\end{equation} + +Examples of more complicated equations: +\begin{equation} + I = \! \int_{-\infty}^\infty f(x)\,dx \label{eq:fine}. +\end{equation} +We can do some fine tuning by adding small amounts of horizontal +spacing: +\begin{verbatim} + \, small space \! negative space +\end{verbatim} +as is done in Eq.~\eqref{eq:fine}. + +We also can align several equations: +\begin{align} + a & = b \\ + c &= d , +\end{align} +or number them as subequations: +\begin{subequations} + \begin{align} + a & = b \\ + c &= d . + \end{align} +\end{subequations} + +We can also have different cases: +\begin{equation} + \label{eq:mdiv} + m(T) = + \begin{cases} + 0 & \text{$T > T_c$} \\ +\bigl(1 - [\sinh 2 \beta J]^{-4} \bigr)^{\! 1/8} & \text{$T < T_c$} +\end{cases} +\end{equation} +write matrices +\begin{align} + \textbf{T} &= + \begin{pmatrix} + T_{++} \hfill & T_{+-} \\ + T_{-+} & T_{--} \hfill + \end{pmatrix} , \nonumber \\ + & = + \begin{pmatrix} + e^{\beta (J + B)} \hfill & e^{-\beta J} \hfill \\ + e^{-\beta J} \hfill & e^{\beta (J - B)} \hfill + \end{pmatrix}. +\end{align} +and +\newcommand{\rv}{\textbf{r}} +\begin{equation} + \sum_i \vec A \cdot \vec B = -P\!\int\! \rv \cdot + \hat{\mathbf{n}}\, dA = P\!\int \! {\vec \nabla} \cdot \rv\, dV. +\end{equation} + +\section{Tables} +Tables are a little more difficult. TeX +automatically calculates the width of the columns. + +\begin{table}[h] + \begin{center} + \begin{tabular}{|l|l|r|l|} + \hline + lattice & $d$ & $q$ & $T_{\rm mf}/T_c$ \\ + \hline + square & 2 & 4 & 1.763 \\ + \hline + triangular & 2 & 6 & 1.648 \\ + \hline + diamond & 3 & 4 & 1.479 \\ + \hline + simple cubic & 3 & 6 & 1.330 \\ + \hline + bcc & 3 & 8 & 1.260 \\ + \hline + fcc & 3 & 12 & 1.225 \\ + \hline + \end{tabular} + \caption{\label{tab:5/tc}Comparison of the mean-field predictions + for the critical temperature of the Ising model with exact results + and the best known estimates for different spatial dimensions $d$ + and lattice symmetries.} + \end{center} +\end{table} + +\section{Lists} + +Some example of formatted lists include the +following: + +\begin{enumerate} + + \item bread + + \item cheese + +\end{enumerate} + +\begin{itemize} + + \item Tom + + \item Dick + +\end{itemize} + +\section{Figures} + +We can make figures bigger or smaller by scaling them. Figure~\ref{fig:lj} +has been scaled by 60\%. + +\begin{figure}[h] + \begin{center} + \includegraphics{figures/sine} + \caption{\label{fig:typical}Show me a sine.} + \end{center} +\end{figure} + +\begin{figure}[h] + \begin{center} + \scalebox{0.6}{\includegraphics{figures/lj}} + \caption{\label{fig:lj}Plot of the + Lennard-Jones potential + $u(r)$. The potential is characterized by a length + $\sigma$ and an energy + $\epsilon$.} + \end{center} +\end{figure} + +\section{Literal text} +It is desirable to print program code exactly as it is typed in a +monospaced font. Use \verb \begin{verbatim} and +\verb \end{verbatim} as in the following example: +\begin{verbatim} +double y0 = 10; // example of declaration and assignment statement +double v0 = 0; // initial velocity +double t = 0; // time +double dt = 0.01; // time step +double y = y0; +\end{verbatim} +The command \verb \verbatiminput{programs/Square.java}\ allows +you to list the file \texttt{Square.java} in the directory +programs. + +\section{Special Symbols} + +\subsection{Common Greek letters} + +These commands may be used only in math mode. Only the most common +letters are included here. + +$\alpha, +\beta, \gamma, \Gamma, +\delta,\Delta, +\epsilon, \zeta, \eta, \theta, \Theta, \kappa, +\lambda, \Lambda, \mu, \nu, +\xi, \Xi, +\pi, \Pi, +\rho, +\sigma, +\tau, +\phi, \Phi, +\chi, +\psi, \Psi, +\omega, \Omega$ + +\subsection{Special symbols} + +The derivative is defined as +\begin{equation} + \frac{dy}{dx} = \lim_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{\Delta y} + {\Delta x} +\end{equation} +\begin{equation} + f(x) \to y \quad \mbox{as} \quad x \to + x_{0} +\end{equation} +\begin{equation} + f(x) \mathop {\longrightarrow} + \limits_{x \to x_0} y +\end{equation} + +\noindent Order of magnitude: +\begin{equation} + \log_{10}f \simeq n +\end{equation} +\begin{equation} + f(x)\sim 10^{n} +\end{equation} +Approximate equality: +\begin{equation} + f(x)\simeq g(x) +\end{equation} +\LaTeX\ is simple if we keep everything in proportion: +\begin{equation} + f(x) \propto x^3 . +\end{equation} + +Finally we can skip some space by using commands such as +\begin{verbatim} +\bigskip \medskip \smallskip \vspace{1pc} +\end{verbatim} +The space can be negative. + +\section{\color{red}Use of Color} + +{\color{blue}{We can change colors for emphasis}}, +{\color{green}{but}} {\color{cyan}{who is going pay for the ink?}} + +\section{\label{morefig}Subfigures} + +As soon as many students start becoming comfortable using \LaTeX, they want +to use some of its advanced features. So we now show how to place two +figures side by side. + +\begin{figure}[h!] + \begin{center} + \subfigure[Real and imaginary.]{ + \includegraphics[scale=0.5]{figures/reim}} + \subfigure[Amplitude and phase.]{ + \includegraphics[scale=0.5]{figures/phase}} + \caption{\label{fig:qm/complexfunctions} Two representations of complex + wave functions.} + \end{center} +\end{figure} + +We first have to include the necessary package, +\verb+\usepackage{subfigure}+, which has to go in the preamble (before +\verb+\begin{document}+). It sometimes can be difficult to place a figure in +the desired place. + +Your LaTeX document can be easily modified to make a poster or a screen +presentation similar to (and better than) PowerPoint. Conversion to HTML is +straightforward. Comments on this tutorial are appreciated. + +\begin{thebibliography}{5} + + \bibitem{latex}Helmut Kopka and Patrick W. Daly, \textsl{A Guide to + \LaTeX: Document Preparation for Beginners and Advanced Users}, + fourth edition, Addison-Wesley (2004). + + \bibitem{website}Some useful links are + given at \url{}. + +\end{thebibliography} + +{\small \noindent Updated 5 December 2006.} +\section{Introduction} + +\latex is a typesetting program; given an input file with formatting +instructions (e.g intro.tex), the program will create your document in +one of several formats (DVI, Postscript or PDF). It is therefore not +a WYSIWYG word processor. \latex is known as a logical markup +language, similar for example to HTML, so that you describe a piece of +text as a ``section heading'' rather than saying that it should be +formatted in a certain way. It has excellent facilities for +typesetting mathematics, and handles large documents (such as theses) +well. The aim of this document is not to provide an overview of +\latex, since many other guides have already been written (see +Section~\ref{sec:summary}). Instead, it has been written primarily to +provide simple workable examples that you can cut and paste to help +you get started with \latex. The examples have been selected to be +those most likely to be useful when writing a scientific report. This +document is best read by comparing the source code with the resulting +output. + +\section{Running \latex} + +The files to accompany this paper are at: +\url{http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/eglen/texintro}. Get the +following files and put them into a new directory. + +\begin{enumerate} + \item \url{intro.tex}: the main \latex document. + \item \url{example.bib}: a short bibliography. + \item \url{sigmoid.ps}: example postscript image. + \item \url{sigmoid.pdf}: example PDF image. +\end{enumerate} + +Change directory to where you stored the files and type the +following (ignoring comments placed after \#\#): + +\begin{verbatim} +latex intro ## Run latex 1st time. +bibtex intro ## Extract required references +latex intro ## Run latex 2nd to resolve references. +latex intro ## Probably need to run latex a 3rd time. +xdvi intro ## View the DVI (device independent) file. +dvips -o intro.ps intro ## Create a postscript file for printing. +\end{verbatim} + +You will notice that you run latex several times here; this is so that +references can be resolved, and references can be extracted from your +bibtex file. After running latex, you will be told if you need to run +it again to resolve references. After a while, you will get the idea +of how many times you need to run latex to resolve all your +references. + +If instead you would like to generate PDF files (see +Section~\ref{sec:graphics} for a discussion of file formats for +included images), you can try the following shorter sequence: + +\begin{verbatim} +pdflatex intro +bibtex intro +pdflatex intro +pdflatex intro +xpdf intro.pdf ## View the resulting PDF +\end{verbatim} + +Whether you prefer to generate DVI or PDF is up to you. The xdvi +viewer has some nice features, such as it can reload your document +easily and has a ``magnifying glass'' that is activated by the mouse. +On the other hand, xpdf will display the document more accurately as +it will be printed. + +\section{Tables} + +Tables are relatively straightforward to generate. Note that tables +and figures are not always placed exactly where you wish, as +they can \textit{float} to other parts of the document. Rather than +trying to battle with \latex as to where they are placed, concentrate +first on getting the right content and let \latex worry about the +positioning. Instead, use labels to your tables to refer to them. +See Table~\ref{tab:simple} and Table~\ref{tab:pars} for examples. + +\begin{table} + \centering + \begin{tabular}{ccc} + year & min temp (\textdegree C) & max temp (\textdegree C)\\ + \hline + 1970 & $-5$ & 35\\ + 1975 & $-7$ & 29\\ + 1980 & $-3$ & 30\\ + 1985 & $-2$ & 32\\ + \end{tabular} + \caption{Fictional minimal and maximal temperatures recorded in + Cambridge over several years.} + \label{tab:simple} +\end{table} +%% Why are the negative numbers above enclosed in math mode? +%% Hint: consider the difference between "-" in text and in math. + +\begin{table}[htbp] + \centering + \begin{tabular}{lccc}\\ \hline + & \multicolumn{1}{c}{$\phi$ (\micro m)} + & \multicolumn{1}{c}{$\alpha$} + & $\delta_{12}$ (\micro m)\\ \hline + W81S1\\ + $h_{11}(u)$ & 67.94 & 7.81\\ + $h_{22}(u)$ & 66.27 & 5.40\\ + $h_{12}(u)$ & & &18\\ + \hline + M623\\ + $h_{11}(u)$ &112.79 & 3.05\\ + $h_{22}(u)$ & 65.46 & 8.11\\ + $h_{12}(u)$ & & &20\\ + \hline + \end{tabular} + \caption{Summary of parameter estimates for the univariate + functions $h_{11}(u)$, $h_{22}(u)$ and the bivariate function + $h_{12}(u)$. For the univariate fits, $\alpha$ and $\phi$ are + least-square estimates (assuming $\delta$ was fixed at 15 \micro m). + The final column gives the + maximum likelihood estimate of $\delta_{12}$ assuming that the + interaction between types is simple inhibition. + \label{tab:pars}} +\end{table} + + +\section{Bibliography management} + +Scientific reports normally require a section where your references +are listed. Bibtex is an excellent system for maintaining references, +especially for large documents. Each reference needs a unique key; +you can then refer to the reference in your \latex document by using +this key within a cite command. + +Take care when formatting your references, especially when it comes to +writing authors names and the case of letters in journal titles. In +our examples, the files are found in \url{example.bib}. As an example +of a citation, see \citep{ihaka1996} or \citep{ihaka1996,venables1999}. + +Bibtex is flexible enough to format your references in a wide number +of different styles to suit your needs. In this file I have used the +``natbib'' package, which is suitable for the natural sciences. +Depending on the type of cite command you get (and the package that +you use for citations), you can get different styles of citation. See +Table~\ref{tab:cite} for some examples. + +\begin{table} + \centering + \begin{tabular}{ll} + \hline + command & result\\ \hline + \verb+\citep{ihaka1996}+ & \citep{ihaka1996}\\ + \verb+\citet{ihaka1996}+ & \citet{ihaka1996}\\ + \verb+\citep[see][p. 300]{ihaka1996}+ & + \citep[see][p. 300]{ihaka1996} + \\ + \verb+\citeauthor{ihaka1996}+ & \citeauthor{ihaka1996} + \\ + \verb+\citeyear{ihaka1996}+ & \citeyear{ihaka1996} + \\ + \hline + \end{tabular} + \caption{Examples of different citation commands available in the + natbib package.} + \label{tab:cite} +\end{table} + + +\section{Graphics} +\label{sec:graphics} + +\latex can include images in one of several format, depending on +whether you use latex (postscript format required) or pdflatex (either +jpeg, png or pdf required). Figures can be included either at their +natural size, or you can specify e.g. the figure width. +Figure~\ref{fig:example} shows an example image which intentionally +looks slightly different depending on whether you compile the document +with latex or pdflatex. Note that in this example the suffix of the +image file is not included so that this document compiles under both +latex and pdflatex. + +\begin{figure} + \centering + \includegraphics[width=6cm]{sigmoid} + \caption{Example of a sigmoidal curve generated by the R programming + environment. The title above the curve indicates whether you have + included the postscript or the pdf version of the figure.} + \label{fig:example} +\end{figure} + +\section{Mathematics} + +\latex can format mathematics with ease, either in line, such as +$x \times y$, or on separate lines, such as: +\[ x^2 +y^2 = z^2 \] + +If you are writing several lines of equations, you can use statements +like the following: + +\begin{align} + b(t) & = s(t) - \int_{0}^{T} a(t') \cdot i(T-t') dt' + \\ + a(t) & = \int_{0}^{T} b(t) \cdot e(T-t') dt' \label{eq:am} + \\ + g(t) & = b(t) \ast e(t) \nonumber +\end{align} + +By using labels on certain equations, we can refer to equations by +number, such as equation~(\ref{eq:am}). + +\section{Summary} +\label{sec:summary} +This short guide should give you a flavour of what can be done with +\latex. It is by no means complete, or supposed to be +self-explanatory. It is, however, hopefully enough to get you +started! Try experimenting by editing the source file and then +recompiling this document. As mentioned earlier, there are many +guides for latex. Two that I can recommend are +\url{http://www.andy-roberts.net/misc/latex/index.html} and +`` The (Not So) Short Introduction to LaTeX2e'' +(\url{http://ctan.tug.org/tex-archive/info/lshort/english/lshort.pdf}). + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% Finally we specify the format required for our references and the +%% name of the bibtex file where our references should be taken from. +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\bibliographystyle{plainnat} +\bibliography{example} + +\section{Introduction} +\TeX\ looks more difficult than it is. It is +almost as easy as $\pi$. See how easy it is to make special +symbols such as $\alpha$, +$\beta$, $\gamma$, +$\delta$, $\sin x$, $\hbar$, $\lambda$, $\ldots$ We also can make +subscripts +$A_{x}$, $A_{xy}$ and superscripts, $e^x$, $e^{x^2}$, and +$e^{a^b}$. We will use \LaTeX, which is based on \TeX\ and has +many higher-level commands (macros) for formatting, making +tables, etc. More information can be found in Ref.~\cite{latex}. + +We just made a new paragraph. Extra lines and spaces make no +difference. Note that all formulas are enclosed by +\$ and occur in \textit{math mode}. + +The default font is Computer Modern. It includes \textit{italics}, +\textbf{boldface}, +\textsl{slanted}, and \texttt{monospaced} fonts. + +\section{Equations} +Let us see how easy it is to write equations. +\begin{equation} + \Delta =\sum_{i=1}^N w_i (x_i - \bar{x})^2 . +\end{equation} +It is a good idea to number equations, but we can have a +equation without a number by writing +\begin{equation} + P(x) = \frac{x - a}{b - a} , \nonumber +\end{equation} +and +\begin{equation} + g = \frac{1}{2} \sqrt{2\pi} . \nonumber +\end{equation} + +We can give an equation a label so that we can refer to it later. +\begin{equation} + \label{eq:ising} + E = -J \sum_{i=1}^N s_i s_{i+1} , +\end{equation} +Equation~\eqref{eq:ising} expresses the energy of a configuration +of spins in the Ising model.\footnote{It is necessary to process (typeset) a +file twice to get the counters correct.} + +We can define our own macros to save typing. For example, suppose +that we introduce the macros: +\begin{verbatim} + \newcommand{\lb}{{\langle}} + \newcommand{\rb}{{\rangle}} +\end{verbatim} +\newcommand{\lb}{{\langle}} +\newcommand{\rb}{{\rangle}} +Then we can write the average value of $x$ as +\begin{verbatim} +\begin{equation} +\lb x \rb = 3 +\end{equation} +\end{verbatim} +The result is +\begin{equation} + \lb x \rb = 3 . +\end{equation} + +Examples of more complicated equations: +\begin{equation} + I = \! \int_{-\infty}^\infty f(x)\,dx \label{eq:fine}. +\end{equation} +We can do some fine tuning by adding small amounts of horizontal +spacing: +\begin{verbatim} + \, small space \! negative space +\end{verbatim} +as is done in Eq.~\eqref{eq:fine}. + +We also can align several equations: +\begin{align} + a & = b \\ + c &= d , +\end{align} +or number them as subequations: +\begin{subequations} + \begin{align} + a & = b \\ + c &= d . + \end{align} +\end{subequations} + +We can also have different cases: +\begin{equation} + \label{eq:mdiv} + m(T) = + \begin{cases} + 0 & \text{$T > T_c$} \\ +\bigl(1 - [\sinh 2 \beta J]^{-4} \bigr)^{\! 1/8} & \text{$T < T_c$} +\end{cases} +\end{equation} +write matrices +\begin{align} + \textbf{T} &= + \begin{pmatrix} + T_{++} \hfill & T_{+-} \\ + T_{-+} & T_{--} \hfill + \end{pmatrix} , \nonumber \\ + & = + \begin{pmatrix} + e^{\beta (J + B)} \hfill & e^{-\beta J} \hfill \\ + e^{-\beta J} \hfill & e^{\beta (J - B)} \hfill + \end{pmatrix}. +\end{align} +and +\newcommand{\rv}{\textbf{r}} +\begin{equation} + \sum_i \vec A \cdot \vec B = -P\!\int\! \rv \cdot + \hat{\mathbf{n}}\, dA = P\!\int \! {\vec \nabla} \cdot \rv\, dV. +\end{equation} + +\section{Tables} +Tables are a little more difficult. TeX +automatically calculates the width of the columns. + +\begin{table}[h] + \begin{center} + \begin{tabular}{|l|l|r|l|} + \hline + lattice & $d$ & $q$ & $T_{\rm mf}/T_c$ \\ + \hline + square & 2 & 4 & 1.763 \\ + \hline + triangular & 2 & 6 & 1.648 \\ + \hline + diamond & 3 & 4 & 1.479 \\ + \hline + simple cubic & 3 & 6 & 1.330 \\ + \hline + bcc & 3 & 8 & 1.260 \\ + \hline + fcc & 3 & 12 & 1.225 \\ + \hline + \end{tabular} + \caption{\label{tab:5/tc}Comparison of the mean-field predictions + for the critical temperature of the Ising model with exact results + and the best known estimates for different spatial dimensions $d$ + and lattice symmetries.} + \end{center} +\end{table} + +\section{Lists} + +Some example of formatted lists include the +following: + +\begin{enumerate} + + \item bread + + \item cheese + +\end{enumerate} + +\begin{itemize} + + \item Tom + + \item Dick + +\end{itemize} + +\section{Figures} + +We can make figures bigger or smaller by scaling them. Figure~\ref{fig:lj} +has been scaled by 60\%. + +\begin{figure}[h] + \begin{center} + \includegraphics{figures/sine} + \caption{\label{fig:typical}Show me a sine.} + \end{center} +\end{figure} + +\begin{figure}[h] + \begin{center} + \scalebox{0.6}{\includegraphics{figures/lj}} + \caption{\label{fig:lj}Plot of the + Lennard-Jones potential + $u(r)$. The potential is characterized by a length + $\sigma$ and an energy + $\epsilon$.} + \end{center} +\end{figure} + +\section{Literal text} +It is desirable to print program code exactly as it is typed in a +monospaced font. Use \verb \begin{verbatim} and +\verb \end{verbatim} as in the following example: +\begin{verbatim} +double y0 = 10; // example of declaration and assignment statement +double v0 = 0; // initial velocity +double t = 0; // time +double dt = 0.01; // time step +double y = y0; +\end{verbatim} +The command \verb \verbatiminput{programs/Square.java}\ allows +you to list the file \texttt{Square.java} in the directory +programs. + +\section{Special Symbols} + +\subsection{Common Greek letters} + +These commands may be used only in math mode. Only the most common +letters are included here. + +$\alpha, +\beta, \gamma, \Gamma, +\delta,\Delta, +\epsilon, \zeta, \eta, \theta, \Theta, \kappa, +\lambda, \Lambda, \mu, \nu, +\xi, \Xi, +\pi, \Pi, +\rho, +\sigma, +\tau, +\phi, \Phi, +\chi, +\psi, \Psi, +\omega, \Omega$ + +\subsection{Special symbols} + +The derivative is defined as +\begin{equation} + \frac{dy}{dx} = \lim_{\Delta x \to 0} \frac{\Delta y} + {\Delta x} +\end{equation} +\begin{equation} + f(x) \to y \quad \mbox{as} \quad x \to + x_{0} +\end{equation} +\begin{equation} + f(x) \mathop {\longrightarrow} + \limits_{x \to x_0} y +\end{equation} + +\noindent Order of magnitude: +\begin{equation} + \log_{10}f \simeq n +\end{equation} +\begin{equation} + f(x)\sim 10^{n} +\end{equation} +Approximate equality: +\begin{equation} + f(x)\simeq g(x) +\end{equation} +\LaTeX\ is simple if we keep everything in proportion: +\begin{equation} + f(x) \propto x^3 . +\end{equation} + +Finally we can skip some space by using commands such as +\begin{verbatim} +\bigskip \medskip \smallskip \vspace{1pc} +\end{verbatim} +The space can be negative. + +\section{\color{red}Use of Color} + +{\color{blue}{We can change colors for emphasis}}, +{\color{green}{but}} {\color{cyan}{who is going pay for the ink?}} + +\section{\label{morefig}Subfigures} + +As soon as many students start becoming comfortable using \LaTeX, they want +to use some of its advanced features. So we now show how to place two +figures side by side. + +\begin{figure}[h!] + \begin{center} + \subfigure[Real and imaginary.]{ + \includegraphics[scale=0.5]{figures/reim}} + \subfigure[Amplitude and phase.]{ + \includegraphics[scale=0.5]{figures/phase}} + \caption{\label{fig:qm/complexfunctions} Two representations of complex + wave functions.} + \end{center} +\end{figure} + +We first have to include the necessary package, +\verb+\usepackage{subfigure}+, which has to go in the preamble (before +\verb+\begin{document}+). It sometimes can be difficult to place a figure in +the desired place. + +Your LaTeX document can be easily modified to make a poster or a screen +presentation similar to (and better than) PowerPoint. Conversion to HTML is +straightforward. Comments on this tutorial are appreciated. + +\begin{thebibliography}{5} + + \bibitem{latex}Helmut Kopka and Patrick W. Daly, \textsl{A Guide to + \LaTeX: Document Preparation for Beginners and Advanced Users}, + fourth edition, Addison-Wesley (2004). + + \bibitem{website}Some useful links are + given at \url{}. + +\end{thebibliography} + +{\small \noindent Updated 5 December 2006.} +\section{Introduction} + +\latex is a typesetting program; given an input file with formatting +instructions (e.g intro.tex), the program will create your document in +one of several formats (DVI, Postscript or PDF). It is therefore not +a WYSIWYG word processor. \latex is known as a logical markup +language, similar for example to HTML, so that you describe a piece of +text as a ``section heading'' rather than saying that it should be +formatted in a certain way. It has excellent facilities for +typesetting mathematics, and handles large documents (such as theses) +well. The aim of this document is not to provide an overview of +\latex, since many other guides have already been written (see +Section~\ref{sec:summary}). Instead, it has been written primarily to +provide simple workable examples that you can cut and paste to help +you get started with \latex. The examples have been selected to be +those most likely to be useful when writing a scientific report. This +document is best read by comparing the source code with the resulting +output. + +\section{Running \latex} + +The files to accompany this paper are at: +\url{http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/eglen/texintro}. Get the +following files and put them into a new directory. + +\begin{enumerate} + \item \url{intro.tex}: the main \latex document. + \item \url{example.bib}: a short bibliography. + \item \url{sigmoid.ps}: example postscript image. + \item \url{sigmoid.pdf}: example PDF image. +\end{enumerate} + +Change directory to where you stored the files and type the +following (ignoring comments placed after \#\#): + +\begin{verbatim} +latex intro ## Run latex 1st time. +bibtex intro ## Extract required references +latex intro ## Run latex 2nd to resolve references. +latex intro ## Probably need to run latex a 3rd time. +xdvi intro ## View the DVI (device independent) file. +dvips -o intro.ps intro ## Create a postscript file for printing. +\end{verbatim} + +You will notice that you run latex several times here; this is so that +references can be resolved, and references can be extracted from your +bibtex file. After running latex, you will be told if you need to run +it again to resolve references. After a while, you will get the idea +of how many times you need to run latex to resolve all your +references. + +If instead you would like to generate PDF files (see +Section~\ref{sec:graphics} for a discussion of file formats for +included images), you can try the following shorter sequence: + +\begin{verbatim} +pdflatex intro +bibtex intro +pdflatex intro +pdflatex intro +xpdf intro.pdf ## View the resulting PDF +\end{verbatim} + +Whether you prefer to generate DVI or PDF is up to you. The xdvi +viewer has some nice features, such as it can reload your document +easily and has a ``magnifying glass'' that is activated by the mouse. +On the other hand, xpdf will display the document more accurately as +it will be printed. + +\section{Tables} + +Tables are relatively straightforward to generate. Note that tables +and figures are not always placed exactly where you wish, as +they can \textit{float} to other parts of the document. Rather than +trying to battle with \latex as to where they are placed, concentrate +first on getting the right content and let \latex worry about the +positioning. Instead, use labels to your tables to refer to them. +See Table~\ref{tab:simple} and Table~\ref{tab:pars} for examples. + +\begin{table} + \centering + \begin{tabular}{ccc} + year & min temp (\textdegree C) & max temp (\textdegree C)\\ + \hline + 1970 & $-5$ & 35\\ + 1975 & $-7$ & 29\\ + 1980 & $-3$ & 30\\ + 1985 & $-2$ & 32\\ + \end{tabular} + \caption{Fictional minimal and maximal temperatures recorded in + Cambridge over several years.} + \label{tab:simple} +\end{table} +%% Why are the negative numbers above enclosed in math mode? +%% Hint: consider the difference between "-" in text and in math. + +\begin{table}[htbp] + \centering + \begin{tabular}{lccc}\\ \hline + & \multicolumn{1}{c}{$\phi$ (\micro m)} + & \multicolumn{1}{c}{$\alpha$} + & $\delta_{12}$ (\micro m)\\ \hline + W81S1\\ + $h_{11}(u)$ & 67.94 & 7.81\\ + $h_{22}(u)$ & 66.27 & 5.40\\ + $h_{12}(u)$ & & &18\\ + \hline + M623\\ + $h_{11}(u)$ &112.79 & 3.05\\ + $h_{22}(u)$ & 65.46 & 8.11\\ + $h_{12}(u)$ & & &20\\ + \hline + \end{tabular} + \caption{Summary of parameter estimates for the univariate + functions $h_{11}(u)$, $h_{22}(u)$ and the bivariate function + $h_{12}(u)$. For the univariate fits, $\alpha$ and $\phi$ are + least-square estimates (assuming $\delta$ was fixed at 15 \micro m). + The final column gives the + maximum likelihood estimate of $\delta_{12}$ assuming that the + interaction between types is simple inhibition. + \label{tab:pars}} +\end{table} + + +\section{Bibliography management} + +Scientific reports normally require a section where your references +are listed. Bibtex is an excellent system for maintaining references, +especially for large documents. Each reference needs a unique key; +you can then refer to the reference in your \latex document by using +this key within a cite command. + +Take care when formatting your references, especially when it comes to +writing authors names and the case of letters in journal titles. In +our examples, the files are found in \url{example.bib}. As an example +of a citation, see \citep{ihaka1996} or \citep{ihaka1996,venables1999}. + +Bibtex is flexible enough to format your references in a wide number +of different styles to suit your needs. In this file I have used the +``natbib'' package, which is suitable for the natural sciences. +Depending on the type of cite command you get (and the package that +you use for citations), you can get different styles of citation. See +Table~\ref{tab:cite} for some examples. + +\begin{table} + \centering + \begin{tabular}{ll} + \hline + command & result\\ \hline + \verb+\citep{ihaka1996}+ & \citep{ihaka1996}\\ + \verb+\citet{ihaka1996}+ & \citet{ihaka1996}\\ + \verb+\citep[see][p. 300]{ihaka1996}+ & + \citep[see][p. 300]{ihaka1996} + \\ + \verb+\citeauthor{ihaka1996}+ & \citeauthor{ihaka1996} + \\ + \verb+\citeyear{ihaka1996}+ & \citeyear{ihaka1996} + \\ + \hline + \end{tabular} + \caption{Examples of different citation commands available in the + natbib package.} + \label{tab:cite} +\end{table} + + +\section{Graphics} +\label{sec:graphics} + +\latex can include images in one of several format, depending on +whether you use latex (postscript format required) or pdflatex (either +jpeg, png or pdf required). Figures can be included either at their +natural size, or you can specify e.g. the figure width. +Figure~\ref{fig:example} shows an example image which intentionally +looks slightly different depending on whether you compile the document +with latex or pdflatex. Note that in this example the suffix of the +image file is not included so that this document compiles under both +latex and pdflatex. + +\begin{figure} + \centering + \includegraphics[width=6cm]{sigmoid} + \caption{Example of a sigmoidal curve generated by the R programming + environment. The title above the curve indicates whether you have + included the postscript or the pdf version of the figure.} + \label{fig:example} +\end{figure} + +\section{Mathematics} + +\latex can format mathematics with ease, either in line, such as +$x \times y$, or on separate lines, such as: +\[ x^2 +y^2 = z^2 \] + +If you are writing several lines of equations, you can use statements +like the following: + +\begin{align} + b(t) & = s(t) - \int_{0}^{T} a(t') \cdot i(T-t') dt' + \\ + a(t) & = \int_{0}^{T} b(t) \cdot e(T-t') dt' \label{eq:am} + \\ + g(t) & = b(t) \ast e(t) \nonumber +\end{align} + +By using labels on certain equations, we can refer to equations by +number, such as equation~(\ref{eq:am}). + +\section{Summary} +\label{sec:summary} +This short guide should give you a flavour of what can be done with +\latex. It is by no means complete, or supposed to be +self-explanatory. It is, however, hopefully enough to get you +started! Try experimenting by editing the source file and then +recompiling this document. As mentioned earlier, there are many +guides for latex. Two that I can recommend are +\url{http://www.andy-roberts.net/misc/latex/index.html} and +`` The (Not So) Short Introduction to LaTeX2e'' +(\url{http://ctan.tug.org/tex-archive/info/lshort/english/lshort.pdf}). + + +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% Finally we specify the format required for our references and the +%% name of the bibtex file where our references should be taken from. +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\bibliographystyle{plainnat} +\bibliography{example} + +\end{document} diff --git a/test/issues/643/test.vim b/test/issues/643/test.vim new file mode 100644 index 0000000..baa3b56 --- /dev/null +++ b/test/issues/643/test.vim @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +set nocompatible +let &rtp = '~/.vim/bundle/vimtex,' . &rtp +let &rtp .= ',~/.vim/bundle/vimtex/after' +filetype plugin indent on +syntax enable + +" let g:vimtex_indent_delims_type = 'complex' + +silent edit test.tex +profile start test.log +profile func * +profile file * +silent! normal! gg=G +profile pause +quit!