Accept comma-separated list of sort criteria

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -1,6 +1,15 @@
 CHANGELOG
 =========
 
+0.11.2
+------
+
+- `--tiebreak` now accepts comma-separated list of sort criteria.
+    - Each criterion should appear only once in the list
+    - `index` is only allowed at the end of the list
+    - `index` is implicitly appended to the list when not specified
+    - Default is `length` (or equivalently `length,index`)
+
 0.11.1
 ------
 

man/man1/fzf.1

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
 OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
 THE SOFTWARE.
 ..
-.TH fzf 1 "Dec 2015" "fzf 0.11.1" "fzf - a command-line fuzzy finder"
+.TH fzf 1 "Jan 2016" "fzf 0.11.2" "fzf - a command-line fuzzy finder"
 
 .SH NAME
 fzf - a command-line fuzzy finder
@@ -68,8 +68,8 @@ Reverse the order of the input
 e.g. \fBhistory | fzf --tac --no-sort\fR
 .RE
 .TP
-.BI "--tiebreak=" "CRI"
+.BI "--tiebreak=" "CRI[,..]"
-Sort criterion to use when the scores are tied
+Comma-separated list of sort criteria to apply when the scores are tied.
 .br
 .R ""
 .br
@@ -81,6 +81,15 @@ Sort criterion to use when the scores are tied
 .br
 .BR index "   Prefers item that appeared earlier in the input stream"
 .br
+.R ""
+.br
+- Each criterion should appear only once in the list
+.br
+- \fBindex\fR is only allowed at the end of the list
+.br
+- \fBindex\fR is implicitly appended to the list when not specified
+.br
+- Default is \fBlength\fR (or equivalently \fBlength\fR,index)
 .SS Interface
 .TP
 .B "-m, --multi"

src/chunklist_test.go

@@ -6,8 +6,11 @@ import (
 )
 
 func TestChunkList(t *testing.T) {
+	// FIXME global
+	sortCriteria = []criterion{byMatchLen, byLength, byIndex}
+
 	cl := NewChunkList(func(s []byte, i int) *Item {
-		return &Item{text: []rune(string(s)), rank: Rank{0, 0, uint32(i * 2)}}
+		return &Item{text: []rune(string(s)), rank: buildEmptyRank(int32(i * 2))}
 	})
 
 	// Snapshot
@@ -36,8 +39,11 @@ func TestChunkList(t *testing.T) {
 	if len(*chunk1) != 2 {
 		t.Error("Snapshot should contain only two items")
 	}
-	if string((*chunk1)[0].text) != "hello" || (*chunk1)[0].rank.index != 0 ||
+	last := func(arr []int32) int32 {
-		string((*chunk1)[1].text) != "world" || (*chunk1)[1].rank.index != 2 {
+		return arr[len(arr)-1]
+	}
+	if string((*chunk1)[0].text) != "hello" || last((*chunk1)[0].rank) != 0 ||
+		string((*chunk1)[1].text) != "world" || last((*chunk1)[1].rank) != 2 {
 		t.Error("Invalid data")
 	}
 	if chunk1.IsFull() {

src/core.go

@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ func Run(opts *Options) {
 	initProcs()
 
 	sort := opts.Sort > 0
-	rankTiebreak = opts.Tiebreak
+	sortCriteria = opts.Criteria
 
 	if opts.Version {
 		fmt.Println(version)
@@ -103,9 +103,9 @@ func Run(opts *Options) {
 			runes, colors := ansiProcessor(data)
 			return &Item{
 				text:   runes,
-				index:  uint32(index),
+				index:  int32(index),
 				colors: colors,
-				rank:   Rank{0, 0, uint32(index)}}
+				rank:   buildEmptyRank(int32(index))}
 		})
 	} else {
 		chunkList = NewChunkList(func(data []byte, index int) *Item {
@@ -120,9 +120,9 @@ func Run(opts *Options) {
 			item := Item{
 				text:     joinTokens(trans),
 				origText: &runes,
-				index:    uint32(index),
+				index:    int32(index),
 				colors:   nil,
-				rank:     Rank{0, 0, uint32(index)}}
+				rank:     buildEmptyRank(int32(index))}
 
 			trimmed, colors := ansiProcessorRunes(item.text)
 			item.text = trimmed
@@ -141,9 +141,19 @@ func Run(opts *Options) {
 	}
 
 	// Matcher
+	forward := true
+	for _, cri := range opts.Criteria[1:] {
+		if cri == byEnd {
+			forward = false
+			break
+		}
+		if cri == byBegin {
+			break
+		}
+	}
 	patternBuilder := func(runes []rune) *Pattern {
 		return BuildPattern(
-			opts.Fuzzy, opts.Extended, opts.Case, opts.Tiebreak != byEnd,
+			opts.Fuzzy, opts.Extended, opts.Case, forward,
 			opts.Nth, opts.Delimiter, runes)
 	}
 	matcher := NewMatcher(patternBuilder, sort, opts.Tac, eventBox)

src/item.go

@@ -20,25 +20,35 @@ type Item struct {
 	text        []rune
 	origText    *[]rune
 	transformed []Token
-	index       uint32
+	index       int32
 	offsets     []Offset
 	colors      []ansiOffset
-	rank        Rank
+	rank        []int32
 }
 
-// Rank is used to sort the search result
+// Sort criteria to use. Never changes once fzf is started.
-type Rank struct {
+var sortCriteria []criterion
-	matchlen uint16
+
-	tiebreak uint16
+func isRankValid(rank []int32) bool {
-	index    uint32
+	// Exclude ordinal index
+	for i := 0; i < len(rank)-1; i++ {
+		if rank[i] > 0 {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
 }
 
-// Tiebreak criterion to use. Never changes once fzf is started.
+func buildEmptyRank(index int32) []int32 {
-var rankTiebreak tiebreak
+	len := len(sortCriteria)
+	arr := make([]int32, len)
+	arr[len-1] = index
+	return arr
+}
 
 // Rank calculates rank of the Item
-func (item *Item) Rank(cache bool) Rank {
+func (item *Item) Rank(cache bool) []int32 {
-	if cache && (item.rank.matchlen > 0 || item.rank.tiebreak > 0) {
+	if cache && isRankValid(item.rank) {
 		return item.rank
 	}
 	matchlen := 0
@@ -64,32 +74,37 @@ func (item *Item) Rank(cache bool) Rank {
 		}
 	}
 	if matchlen == 0 {
-		matchlen = math.MaxUint16
+		matchlen = math.MaxInt32
 	}
-	var tiebreak uint16
+	rank := make([]int32, len(sortCriteria))
-	switch rankTiebreak {
+	for idx, criterion := range sortCriteria {
-	case byLength:
+		var val int32
-		// It is guaranteed that .transformed in not null in normal execution
+		switch criterion {
-		if item.transformed != nil {
+		case byMatchLen:
-			// If offsets is empty, lenSum will be 0, but we don't care
+			val = int32(matchlen)
-			tiebreak = uint16(lenSum)
+		case byLength:
-		} else {
+			// It is guaranteed that .transformed in not null in normal execution
-			tiebreak = uint16(len(item.text))
+			if item.transformed != nil {
+				// If offsets is empty, lenSum will be 0, but we don't care
+				val = int32(lenSum)
+			} else {
+				val = int32(len(item.text))
+			}
+		case byBegin:
+			// We can't just look at item.offsets[0][0] because it can be an inverse term
+			val = int32(minBegin)
+		case byEnd:
+			if prevEnd > 0 {
+				val = int32(1 + len(item.text) - prevEnd)
+			} else {
+				// Empty offsets due to inverse terms.
+				val = 1
+			}
+		case byIndex:
+			val = item.index
 		}
-	case byBegin:
+		rank[idx] = val
-		// We can't just look at item.offsets[0][0] because it can be an inverse term
-		tiebreak = uint16(minBegin)
-	case byEnd:
-		if prevEnd > 0 {
-			tiebreak = uint16(1 + len(item.text) - prevEnd)
-		} else {
-			// Empty offsets due to inverse terms.
-			tiebreak = 1
-		}
-	case byIndex:
-		tiebreak = 1
 	}
-	rank := Rank{uint16(matchlen), tiebreak, item.index}
 	if cache {
 		item.rank = rank
 	}
@@ -254,18 +269,19 @@ func (a ByRelevanceTac) Less(i, j int) bool {
 	return compareRanks(irank, jrank, true)
 }
 
-func compareRanks(irank Rank, jrank Rank, tac bool) bool {
+func compareRanks(irank []int32, jrank []int32, tac bool) bool {
-	if irank.matchlen < jrank.matchlen {
+	lastIdx := len(irank) - 1
-		return true
+	for idx, left := range irank {
-	} else if irank.matchlen > jrank.matchlen {
+		right := jrank[idx]
-		return false
+		if tac && idx == lastIdx {
+			left = left * -1
+			right = right * -1
+		}
+		if left < right {
+			return true
+		} else if left > right {
+			return false
+		}
 	}
-
+	return true
-	if irank.tiebreak < jrank.tiebreak {
-		return true
-	} else if irank.tiebreak > jrank.tiebreak {
-		return false
-	}
-
-	return (irank.index <= jrank.index) != tac
 }

src/item_test.go

@@ -23,27 +23,30 @@ func TestOffsetSort(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestRankComparison(t *testing.T) {
-	if compareRanks(Rank{3, 0, 5}, Rank{2, 0, 7}, false) ||
+	if compareRanks([]int32{3, 0, 5}, []int32{2, 0, 7}, false) ||
-		!compareRanks(Rank{3, 0, 5}, Rank{3, 0, 6}, false) ||
+		!compareRanks([]int32{3, 0, 5}, []int32{3, 0, 6}, false) ||
-		!compareRanks(Rank{1, 2, 3}, Rank{1, 3, 2}, false) ||
+		!compareRanks([]int32{1, 2, 3}, []int32{1, 3, 2}, false) ||
-		!compareRanks(Rank{0, 0, 0}, Rank{0, 0, 0}, false) {
+		!compareRanks([]int32{0, 0, 0}, []int32{0, 0, 0}, false) {
 		t.Error("Invalid order")
 	}
 
-	if compareRanks(Rank{3, 0, 5}, Rank{2, 0, 7}, true) ||
+	if compareRanks([]int32{3, 0, 5}, []int32{2, 0, 7}, true) ||
-		!compareRanks(Rank{3, 0, 5}, Rank{3, 0, 6}, false) ||
+		!compareRanks([]int32{3, 0, 5}, []int32{3, 0, 6}, false) ||
-		!compareRanks(Rank{1, 2, 3}, Rank{1, 3, 2}, true) ||
+		!compareRanks([]int32{1, 2, 3}, []int32{1, 3, 2}, true) ||
-		!compareRanks(Rank{0, 0, 0}, Rank{0, 0, 0}, false) {
+		!compareRanks([]int32{0, 0, 0}, []int32{0, 0, 0}, false) {
 		t.Error("Invalid order (tac)")
 	}
 }
 
 // Match length, string length, index
 func TestItemRank(t *testing.T) {
+	// FIXME global
+	sortCriteria = []criterion{byMatchLen, byLength, byIndex}
+
 	strs := [][]rune{[]rune("foo"), []rune("foobar"), []rune("bar"), []rune("baz")}
 	item1 := Item{text: strs[0], index: 1, offsets: []Offset{}}
 	rank1 := item1.Rank(true)
-	if rank1.matchlen != math.MaxUint16 || rank1.tiebreak != 3 || rank1.index != 1 {
+	if rank1[0] != math.MaxInt32 || rank1[1] != 3 || rank1[2] != 1 {
 		t.Error(item1.Rank(true))
 	}
 	// Only differ in index
@@ -63,10 +66,10 @@ func TestItemRank(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	// Sort by relevance
-	item3 := Item{text: strs[1], rank: Rank{0, 0, 2}, offsets: []Offset{Offset{1, 3}, Offset{5, 7}}}
+	item3 := Item{text: strs[1], rank: []int32{0, 0, 2}, offsets: []Offset{Offset{1, 3}, Offset{5, 7}}}
-	item4 := Item{text: strs[1], rank: Rank{0, 0, 2}, offsets: []Offset{Offset{1, 2}, Offset{6, 7}}}
+	item4 := Item{text: strs[1], rank: []int32{0, 0, 2}, offsets: []Offset{Offset{1, 2}, Offset{6, 7}}}
-	item5 := Item{text: strs[2], rank: Rank{0, 0, 2}, offsets: []Offset{Offset{1, 3}, Offset{5, 7}}}
+	item5 := Item{text: strs[2], rank: []int32{0, 0, 2}, offsets: []Offset{Offset{1, 3}, Offset{5, 7}}}
-	item6 := Item{text: strs[2], rank: Rank{0, 0, 2}, offsets: []Offset{Offset{1, 2}, Offset{6, 7}}}
+	item6 := Item{text: strs[2], rank: []int32{0, 0, 2}, offsets: []Offset{Offset{1, 2}, Offset{6, 7}}}
 	items = []*Item{&item1, &item2, &item3, &item4, &item5, &item6}
 	sort.Sort(ByRelevance(items))
 	if items[0] != &item6 || items[1] != &item4 ||

src/merger.go

@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ func (mg *Merger) cacheable() bool {
 
 func (mg *Merger) mergedGet(idx int) *Item {
 	for i := len(mg.merged); i <= idx; i++ {
-		minRank := Rank{0, 0, 0}
+		minRank := buildEmptyRank(0)
 		minIdx := -1
 		for listIdx, list := range mg.lists {
 			cursor := mg.cursors[listIdx]

src/merger_test.go

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ func randItem() *Item {
 	}
 	return &Item{
 		text:    []rune(str),
-		index:   rand.Uint32(),
+		index:   rand.Int31(),
 		offsets: offsets}
 }
 

src/options.go

@@ -27,7 +27,8 @@ const usage = `usage: fzf [options]
     -d, --delimiter=STR   Field delimiter regex for --nth (default: AWK-style)
     +s, --no-sort         Do not sort the result
     --tac                 Reverse the order of the input
-    --tiebreak=CRITERION  Sort criterion when the scores are tied;
+    --tiebreak=CRI[,..]   Comma-separated list of sort criteria to apply
+                          when the scores are tied;
                           [length|begin|end|index] (default: length)
 
   Interface
@@ -75,10 +76,11 @@ const (
 )
 
 // Sort criteria
-type tiebreak int
+type criterion int
 
 const (
-	byLength tiebreak = iota
+	byMatchLen criterion = iota
+	byLength
 	byBegin
 	byEnd
 	byIndex
@@ -98,7 +100,7 @@ type Options struct {
 	Delimiter   Delimiter
 	Sort        int
 	Tac         bool
-	Tiebreak    tiebreak
+	Criteria    []criterion
 	Multi       bool
 	Ansi        bool
 	Mouse       bool
@@ -145,7 +147,7 @@ func defaultOptions() *Options {
 		Delimiter:   Delimiter{},
 		Sort:        1000,
 		Tac:         false,
-		Tiebreak:    byLength,
+		Criteria:    []criterion{byMatchLen, byLength, byIndex},
 		Multi:       false,
 		Ansi:        false,
 		Mouse:       true,
@@ -361,20 +363,43 @@ func parseKeyChords(str string, message string) map[int]string {
 	return chords
 }
 
-func parseTiebreak(str string) tiebreak {
+func parseTiebreak(str string) []criterion {
-	switch strings.ToLower(str) {
+	criteria := []criterion{byMatchLen}
-	case "length":
+	hasIndex := false
-		return byLength
+	hasLength := false
-	case "index":
+	hasBegin := false
-		return byIndex
+	hasEnd := false
-	case "begin":
+	check := func(notExpected *bool, name string) {
-		return byBegin
+		if *notExpected {
-	case "end":
+			errorExit("duplicate sort criteria: " + name)
-		return byEnd
+		}
-	default:
+		if hasIndex {
-		errorExit("invalid sort criterion: " + str)
+			errorExit("index should be the last criterion")
+		}
+		*notExpected = true
 	}
-	return byLength
+	for _, str := range strings.Split(strings.ToLower(str), ",") {
+		switch str {
+		case "index":
+			check(&hasIndex, "index")
+			criteria = append(criteria, byIndex)
+		case "length":
+			check(&hasLength, "length")
+			criteria = append(criteria, byLength)
+		case "begin":
+			check(&hasBegin, "begin")
+			criteria = append(criteria, byBegin)
+		case "end":
+			check(&hasEnd, "end")
+			criteria = append(criteria, byEnd)
+		default:
+			errorExit("invalid sort criterion: " + str)
+		}
+	}
+	if !hasIndex {
+		criteria = append(criteria, byIndex)
+	}
+	return criteria
 }
 
 func dupeTheme(theme *curses.ColorTheme) *curses.ColorTheme {
@@ -715,7 +740,7 @@ func parseOptions(opts *Options, allArgs []string) {
 		case "--expect":
 			opts.Expect = parseKeyChords(nextString(allArgs, &i, "key names required"), "key names required")
 		case "--tiebreak":
-			opts.Tiebreak = parseTiebreak(nextString(allArgs, &i, "sort criterion required"))
+			opts.Criteria = parseTiebreak(nextString(allArgs, &i, "sort criterion required"))
 		case "--bind":
 			keymap, opts.Execmap, opts.ToggleSort =
 				parseKeymap(keymap, opts.Execmap, opts.ToggleSort, nextString(allArgs, &i, "bind expression required"))
@@ -850,7 +875,7 @@ func parseOptions(opts *Options, allArgs []string) {
 			} else if match, value := optString(arg, "--expect="); match {
 				opts.Expect = parseKeyChords(value, "key names required")
 			} else if match, value := optString(arg, "--tiebreak="); match {
-				opts.Tiebreak = parseTiebreak(value)
+				opts.Criteria = parseTiebreak(value)
 			} else if match, value := optString(arg, "--color="); match {
 				opts.Theme = parseTheme(opts.Theme, value)
 			} else if match, value := optString(arg, "--bind="); match {

src/pattern.go

@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ func dupItem(item *Item, offsets []Offset) *Item {
 		index:       item.index,
 		offsets:     offsets,
 		colors:      item.colors,
-		rank:        Rank{0, 0, item.index}}
+		rank:        buildEmptyRank(item.index)}
 }
 
 func (p *Pattern) basicMatch(item *Item) (int, int, int) {

src/terminal.go

@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ type Terminal struct {
 	progress   int
 	reading    bool
 	merger     *Merger
-	selected   map[uint32]selectedItem
+	selected   map[int32]selectedItem
 	reqBox     *util.EventBox
 	eventBox   *util.EventBox
 	mutex      sync.Mutex
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ func NewTerminal(opts *Options, eventBox *util.EventBox) *Terminal {
 		ansi:       opts.Ansi,
 		reading:    true,
 		merger:     EmptyMerger,
-		selected:   make(map[uint32]selectedItem),
+		selected:   make(map[int32]selectedItem),
 		reqBox:     util.NewEventBox(),
 		eventBox:   eventBox,
 		mutex:      sync.Mutex{},
@@ -466,7 +466,7 @@ func (t *Terminal) printHeader() {
 			text:   []rune(trimmed),
 			index:  0,
 			colors: colors,
-			rank:   Rank{0, 0, 0}}
+			rank:   buildEmptyRank(0)}
 
 		t.move(line, 2, true)
 		t.printHighlighted(item, false, C.ColHeader, 0, false)

test/test_go.rb

@@ -459,8 +459,8 @@ class TestGoFZF < TestBase
 
   def test_unicode_case
     writelines tempname, %w[строКА1 СТРОКА2 строка3 Строка4]
-    assert_equal %w[СТРОКА2 Строка4], `cat #{tempname} | #{FZF} -fС`.split($/)
+    assert_equal %w[СТРОКА2 Строка4], `#{FZF} -fС < #{tempname}`.split($/)
-    assert_equal %w[строКА1 СТРОКА2 строка3 Строка4], `cat #{tempname} | #{FZF} -fс`.split($/)
+    assert_equal %w[строКА1 СТРОКА2 строка3 Строка4], `#{FZF} -fс < #{tempname}`.split($/)
   end
 
   def test_tiebreak
@@ -472,7 +472,7 @@ class TestGoFZF < TestBase
     ]
     writelines tempname, input
 
-    assert_equal input, `cat #{tempname} | #{FZF} -ffoobar --tiebreak=index`.split($/)
+    assert_equal input, `#{FZF} -ffoobar --tiebreak=index < #{tempname}`.split($/)
 
     by_length = %w[
       ----foobar--
@@ -480,8 +480,8 @@ class TestGoFZF < TestBase
       -------foobar-
       --foobar--------
     ]
-    assert_equal by_length, `cat #{tempname} | #{FZF} -ffoobar`.split($/)
+    assert_equal by_length, `#{FZF} -ffoobar < #{tempname}`.split($/)
-    assert_equal by_length, `cat #{tempname} | #{FZF} -ffoobar --tiebreak=length`.split($/)
+    assert_equal by_length, `#{FZF} -ffoobar --tiebreak=length < #{tempname}`.split($/)
 
     by_begin = %w[
       --foobar--------
@@ -489,17 +489,117 @@ class TestGoFZF < TestBase
       -----foobar---
       -------foobar-
     ]
-    assert_equal by_begin, `cat #{tempname} | #{FZF} -ffoobar --tiebreak=begin`.split($/)
+    assert_equal by_begin, `#{FZF} -ffoobar --tiebreak=begin < #{tempname}`.split($/)
-    assert_equal by_begin, `cat #{tempname} | #{FZF} -f"!z foobar" -x --tiebreak begin`.split($/)
+    assert_equal by_begin, `#{FZF} -f"!z foobar" -x --tiebreak begin < #{tempname}`.split($/)
 
     assert_equal %w[
       -------foobar-
       ----foobar--
       -----foobar---
       --foobar--------
-    ], `cat #{tempname} | #{FZF} -ffoobar --tiebreak end`.split($/)
+    ], `#{FZF} -ffoobar --tiebreak end < #{tempname}`.split($/)
 
-    assert_equal input, `cat #{tempname} | #{FZF} -f"!z" -x --tiebreak end`.split($/)
+    assert_equal input, `#{FZF} -f"!z" -x --tiebreak end < #{tempname}`.split($/)
+  end
+
+  # Since 0.11.2
+  def test_tiebreak_list
+    input = %w[
+      f-o-o-b-a-r
+      foobar----
+      --foobar
+      ----foobar
+      foobar--
+      --foobar--
+      foobar
+    ]
+    writelines tempname, input
+
+    assert_equal %w[
+      foobar----
+      --foobar
+      ----foobar
+      foobar--
+      --foobar--
+      foobar
+      f-o-o-b-a-r
+    ], `#{FZF} -ffb --tiebreak=index < #{tempname}`.split($/)
+
+    by_length = %w[
+      foobar
+      --foobar
+      foobar--
+      foobar----
+      ----foobar
+      --foobar--
+      f-o-o-b-a-r
+    ]
+    assert_equal by_length, `#{FZF} -ffb < #{tempname}`.split($/)
+    assert_equal by_length, `#{FZF} -ffb --tiebreak=length < #{tempname}`.split($/)
+
+    assert_equal %w[
+      foobar
+      foobar--
+      --foobar
+      foobar----
+      --foobar--
+      ----foobar
+      f-o-o-b-a-r
+    ], `#{FZF} -ffb --tiebreak=length,begin < #{tempname}`.split($/)
+
+    assert_equal %w[
+      foobar
+      --foobar
+      foobar--
+      ----foobar
+      --foobar--
+      foobar----
+      f-o-o-b-a-r
+    ], `#{FZF} -ffb --tiebreak=length,end < #{tempname}`.split($/)
+
+    assert_equal %w[
+      foobar----
+      foobar--
+      foobar
+      --foobar
+      --foobar--
+      ----foobar
+      f-o-o-b-a-r
+    ], `#{FZF} -ffb --tiebreak=begin < #{tempname}`.split($/)
+
+    by_begin_end = %w[
+      foobar
+      foobar--
+      foobar----
+      --foobar
+      --foobar--
+      ----foobar
+      f-o-o-b-a-r
+    ]
+    assert_equal by_begin_end, `#{FZF} -ffb --tiebreak=begin,length < #{tempname}`.split($/)
+    assert_equal by_begin_end, `#{FZF} -ffb --tiebreak=begin,end < #{tempname}`.split($/)
+
+    assert_equal %w[
+      --foobar
+      ----foobar
+      foobar
+      foobar--
+      --foobar--
+      foobar----
+      f-o-o-b-a-r
+    ], `#{FZF} -ffb --tiebreak=end < #{tempname}`.split($/)
+
+    by_begin_end = %w[
+      foobar
+      --foobar
+      ----foobar
+      foobar--
+      --foobar--
+      foobar----
+      f-o-o-b-a-r
+    ]
+    assert_equal by_begin_end, `#{FZF} -ffb --tiebreak=end,begin < #{tempname}`.split($/)
+    assert_equal by_begin_end, `#{FZF} -ffb --tiebreak=end,length < #{tempname}`.split($/)
   end
 
   def test_tiebreak_length_with_nth
@@ -517,7 +617,7 @@ class TestGoFZF < TestBase
       123:hello
       1234567:h
     ]
-    assert_equal output, `cat #{tempname} | #{FZF} -fh`.split($/)
+    assert_equal output, `#{FZF} -fh < #{tempname}`.split($/)
 
     output = %w[
       1234567:h
@@ -525,7 +625,7 @@ class TestGoFZF < TestBase
       1:hell
       123:hello
     ]
-    assert_equal output, `cat #{tempname} | #{FZF} -fh -n2 -d:`.split($/)
+    assert_equal output, `#{FZF} -fh -n2 -d: < #{tempname}`.split($/)
   end
 
   def test_tiebreak_length_with_nth_trim_length
@@ -544,7 +644,7 @@ class TestGoFZF < TestBase
       "apple juice   bottle 1",
       "apple  ui     bottle 2",
     ]
-    assert_equal output, `cat #{tempname} | #{FZF} -fa -n1`.split($/)
+    assert_equal output, `#{FZF} -fa -n1 < #{tempname}`.split($/)
 
     # len(1 ~ 2)
     output = [
@@ -553,7 +653,7 @@ class TestGoFZF < TestBase
       "apple juice   bottle 1",
       "app     ice   bottle 3",
     ]
-    assert_equal output, `cat #{tempname} | #{FZF} -fai -n1..2`.split($/)
+    assert_equal output, `#{FZF} -fai -n1..2 < #{tempname}`.split($/)
 
     # len(1) + len(2)
     output = [
@@ -562,7 +662,7 @@ class TestGoFZF < TestBase
       "apple  ui     bottle 2",
       "apple juice   bottle 1",
     ]
-    assert_equal output, `cat #{tempname} | #{FZF} -x -f"a i" -n1,2`.split($/)
+    assert_equal output, `#{FZF} -x -f"a i" -n1,2 < #{tempname}`.split($/)
 
     # len(2)
     output = [
@@ -571,8 +671,8 @@ class TestGoFZF < TestBase
       "app     ice   bottle 3",
       "apple juice   bottle 1",
     ]
-    assert_equal output, `cat #{tempname} | #{FZF} -fi -n2`.split($/)
+    assert_equal output, `#{FZF} -fi -n2 < #{tempname}`.split($/)
-    assert_equal output, `cat #{tempname} | #{FZF} -fi -n2,1..2`.split($/)
+    assert_equal output, `#{FZF} -fi -n2,1..2 < #{tempname}`.split($/)
   end
 
   def test_tiebreak_end_backward_scan
@@ -582,8 +682,8 @@ class TestGoFZF < TestBase
     ]
     writelines tempname, input
 
-    assert_equal input.reverse, `cat #{tempname} | #{FZF} -f fb`.split($/)
+    assert_equal input.reverse, `#{FZF} -f fb < #{tempname}`.split($/)
-    assert_equal input, `cat #{tempname} | #{FZF} -f fb --tiebreak=end`.split($/)
+    assert_equal input, `#{FZF} -f fb --tiebreak=end < #{tempname}`.split($/)
   end
 
   def test_invalid_cache
@@ -613,7 +713,7 @@ class TestGoFZF < TestBase
     File.open(tempname, 'w') do |f|
       f << data
     end
-    assert_equal data, `cat #{tempname} | #{FZF} -f .`.chomp
+    assert_equal data, `#{FZF} -f . < #{tempname}`.chomp
   end
 
   def test_read0
@@ -888,18 +988,18 @@ class TestGoFZF < TestBase
 
   def test_with_nth
     writelines tempname, ['hello world ', 'byebye']
-    assert_equal 'hello world ', `cat #{tempname} | #{FZF} -f"^he hehe" -x -n 2.. --with-nth 2,1,1`.chomp
+    assert_equal 'hello world ', `#{FZF} -f"^he hehe" -x -n 2.. --with-nth 2,1,1 < #{tempname}`.chomp
   end
 
   def test_with_nth_ansi
     writelines tempname, ["\x1b[33mhello \x1b[34;1mworld\x1b[m ", 'byebye']
-    assert_equal 'hello world ', `cat #{tempname} | #{FZF} -f"^he hehe" -x -n 2.. --with-nth 2,1,1 --ansi`.chomp
+    assert_equal 'hello world ', `#{FZF} -f"^he hehe" -x -n 2.. --with-nth 2,1,1 --ansi < #{tempname}`.chomp
   end
 
   def test_with_nth_no_ansi
     src = "\x1b[33mhello \x1b[34;1mworld\x1b[m "
     writelines tempname, [src, 'byebye']
-    assert_equal src, `cat #{tempname} | #{FZF} -fhehe -x -n 2.. --with-nth 2,1,1 --no-ansi`.chomp
+    assert_equal src, `#{FZF} -fhehe -x -n 2.. --with-nth 2,1,1 --no-ansi < #{tempname}`.chomp
   end
 
   def test_exit_0_exit_code