1001 lines
36 KiB
Plaintext
1001 lines
36 KiB
Plaintext
i3 User’s Guide
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===============
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Michael Stapelberg <michael+i3@stapelberg.de>
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March 2010
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This document contains all the information you need to configure and use the i3
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window manager. If it does not, please contact me on IRC, Jabber or E-Mail and
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I’ll help you out.
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== Default keybindings
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For the "too long; didn’t read" people, here is an overview of the default
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keybindings (click to see the full size image):
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*Keys to use with Mod1 (alt):*
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image:keyboard-layer1.png["Keys to use with Mod1 (alt)",width=600,link="keyboard-layer1.png"]
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*Keys to use with Shift+Mod1:*
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image:keyboard-layer2.png["Keys to use with Shift+Mod1",width=600,link="keyboard-layer2.png"]
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As i3 uses keycodes in the default configuration, it does not matter which
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keyboard layout you actually use. The key positions are what matters (of course
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you can also use keysymbols, see <<keybindings>>).
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The red keys are the modifiers you need to press (by default), the blue keys
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are your homerow.
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== Using i3
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=== Opening terminals and moving around
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One very basic operation is opening a new terminal. By default, the keybinding
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for this is Mod1+Enter, that is Alt+Enter in the default configuration. By
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pressing Mod1+Enter, a new terminal will be opened. It will fill the whole
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space available on your screen.
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image:single_terminal.png[Single terminal]
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It is important to keep in mind that i3 uses a table to manage your windows. At
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the moment, you have exactly one column and one row which leaves you with one
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cell. In this cell there is a container, which is where your new terminal is
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opened.
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If you now open another terminal, you still have only one cell. However, the
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container in that cell holds both of your terminals. So, a container is just a
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group of clients with a specific layout. Containers can be resized by adjusting
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the size of the cell that holds them.
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image:two_terminals.png[Two terminals]
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To move the focus between the two terminals, you use the direction keys which
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you may know from the editor +vi+. However, in i3, your homerow is used for
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these keys (in +vi+, the keys are shifted to the left by one for compatibility
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with most keyboard layouts). Therefore, +Mod1+J+ is left, +Mod1+K+ is down,
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+Mod1+L+ is up and `Mod1+;` is right. So, to switch between the terminals,
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use +Mod1+K+ or +Mod1+L+.
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To create a new row/column (and a new cell), you can simply move a terminal (or
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any other window) in the direction you want to expand your table. So, let’s
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expand the table to the right by pressing `Mod1+Shift+;`.
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image:two_columns.png[Two columns]
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=== Changing container modes
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A container can have the following modes:
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default::
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Windows are sized so that every window gets an equal amount of space in the
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container.
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stacking::
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Only the focused window in the container is displayed. You get a list of
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windows at the top of the container.
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tabbed::
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The same principle as +stacking+, but the list of windows at the top is only
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a single line which is vertically split.
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To switch modes, press +Mod1+e+ for default, +Mod1+h+ for stacking and
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+Mod1+w+ for tabbed.
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image:modes.png[Container modes]
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=== Toggling fullscreen mode for a window
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To display a window fullscreen or to go out of fullscreen mode again, press
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+Mod1+f+.
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There is also a global fullscreen mode in i3 in which the client will use all
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available outputs. To use it, or to get out of it again, press +Mod1+Shift+f+.
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=== Opening other applications
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Aside from opening applications from a terminal, you can also use the handy
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+dmenu+ which is opened by pressing +Mod1+v+ by default. Just type the name
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(or a part of it) of the application which you want to open. The application
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typed has to be in your +$PATH+ for this to work.
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Additionally, if you have applications you open very frequently, you can
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create a keybinding for starting the application directly. See the section
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"Configuring i3" for details.
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=== Closing windows
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If an application does not provide a mechanism for closing (most applications
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provide a menu, the escape key or a shortcut like +Control+W+ to close), you
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can press +Mod1+Shift+q+ to kill a window. For applications which support
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the WM_DELETE protocol, this will correctly close the application (saving
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any modifications or doing other cleanup). If the application doesn’t support
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the WM_DELETE protocol your X server will kill the window and the behaviour
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depends on the application.
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=== Using workspaces
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Workspaces are an easy way to group a set of windows. By default, you are on
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the first workspace, as the bar on the bottom left indicates. To switch to
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another workspace, press +Mod1+num+ where +num+ is the number of the workspace
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you want to use. If the workspace does not exist yet, it will be created.
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A common paradigm is to put the web browser on one workspace, communication
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applications (+mutt+, +irssi+, ...) on another one, and the ones with which you
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work, on the third one. Of course, there is no need to follow this approach.
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If you have multiple screens, a workspace will be created on each screen at
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startup. If you open a new workspace, it will be bound to the screen you
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created it on. When you switch to a workspace on another screen, i3 will set
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focus to that screen.
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=== Moving windows to workspaces
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To move a window to another workspace, simply press +Mod1+Shift+num+ where
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+num+ is (like when switching workspaces) the number of the target workspace.
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Similarly to switching workspaces, the target workspace will be created if
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it does not yet exist.
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=== Resizing columns/rows
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To resize columns or rows, just grab the border between the two columns/rows
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and move it to the wanted size. Please keep in mind that each cell of the table
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holds a +container+ and thus you cannot horizontally resize single windows. If
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you need applications with different horizontal sizes, place them in seperate
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cells one above the other.
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See <<resizingconfig>> for how to configure i3 to be able to resize
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columns/rows with your keyboard.
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=== Restarting i3 inplace
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To restart i3 inplace (and thus get into a clean state if there is a bug, or
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to upgrade to a newer version of i3) you can use +Mod1+Shift+r+. Be aware,
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though, that this kills your current layout and all the windows you have opened
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will be put in a default container in only one cell. Saving layouts will be
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implemented in a later version.
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=== Exiting i3
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To cleanly exit i3 without killing your X server, you can use +Mod1+Shift+e+.
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=== Snapping
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Snapping is a mechanism to increase/decrease the colspan/rowspan of a container.
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Colspan/rowspan is the number of columns/rows a specific cell of the table
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consumes. This is easier explained by giving an example, so take the following
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layout:
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image:snapping.png[Snapping example]
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To use the full size of your screen, you can now snap container 3 downwards
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by pressing +Mod1+Control+k+ (or snap container 2 rightwards).
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=== Floating
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Floating mode is the opposite of tiling mode. The position and size of a window
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are not managed by i3, but by you. Using this mode violates the tiling
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paradigm but can be useful for some corner cases like "Save as" dialog
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windows, or toolbar windows (GIMP or similar).
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You can enable floating mode for a window by pressing +Mod1+Shift+Space+. By
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dragging the window’s titlebar with your mouse you can move the window
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around. By grabbing the borders and moving them you can resize the window. You
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can also do that by using the <<floating_modifier>>.
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For resizing floating windows with your keyboard, see <<resizingconfig>>.
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Floating windows are always on top of tiling windows.
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== Configuring i3
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This is where the real fun begins ;-). Most things are very dependant on your
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ideal working environment so we can’t make reasonable defaults for them.
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While not using a programming language for the configuration, i3 stays
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quite flexible in regards to the things you usually want your window manager
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to do.
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For example, you can configure bindings to jump to specific windows,
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you can set specific applications to start on specific workspaces, you can
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automatically start applications, you can change the colors of i3, and you
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can bind your keys to do useful things.
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To change the configuration of i3, copy +/etc/i3/config+ to +\~/.i3/config+
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(or +~/.config/i3/config+ if you like the XDG directory scheme) and edit it
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with a text editor.
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=== Comments
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It is possible and recommended to use comments in your configuration file to
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properly document your setup for later reference. Comments are started with
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a # and can only be used at the beginning of a line:
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*Examples*:
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-------------------
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# This is a comment
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-------------------
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=== Fonts
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i3 uses X core fonts (not Xft) for rendering window titles and the internal
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workspace bar. You can use +xfontsel(1)+ to generate such a font description.
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To see special characters (Unicode), you need to use a font which supports
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the ISO-10646 encoding.
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*Syntax*:
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------------------------------
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font <X core font description>
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------------------------------
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*Examples*:
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--------------------------------------------------------------
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font -misc-fixed-medium-r-normal--13-120-75-75-C-70-iso10646-1
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--------------------------------------------------------------
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[[keybindings]]
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=== Keyboard bindings
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A keyboard binding makes i3 execute a command (see below) upon pressing a
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specific key. i3 allows you to bind either on keycodes or on keysyms (you can
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also mix your bindings, though i3 will not protect you from overlapping ones).
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* A keysym (key symbol) is a description for a specific symbol, like "a"
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or "b", but also more strange ones like "underscore" instead of "_". These
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are the ones you use in Xmodmap to remap your keys. To get the current
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mapping of your keys, use +xmodmap -pke+.
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* Keycodes do not need to have a symbol assigned (handy for some hotkeys
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on some notebooks) and they will not change their meaning as you switch to a
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different keyboard layout (when using +xmodmap+).
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My recommendation is: If you often switch keyboard layouts but you want to keep
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your bindings in the same physical location on the keyboard, use keycodes.
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If you don’t switch layouts, and want a clean and simple config file, use
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keysyms.
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*Syntax*:
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----------------------------------
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bindsym [Modifiers+]keysym command
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bindcode [Modifiers+]keycode command
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----------------------------------
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*Examples*:
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--------------------------------
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# Fullscreen
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bindsym Mod1+f f
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# Restart
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bindsym Mod1+Shift+r restart
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# Notebook-specific hotkeys
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bindcode 214 exec /home/michael/toggle_beamer.sh
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--------------------------------
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Available Modifiers:
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Mod1-Mod5, Shift, Control::
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Standard modifiers, see +xmodmap(1)+
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Mode_switch::
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Unlike other window managers, i3 can use Mode_switch as a modifier. This allows
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you to remap capslock (for example) to Mode_switch and use it for both: typing
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umlauts or special characters 'and' having some comfortably reachable key
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bindings. For example, when typing, capslock+1 or capslock+2 for switching
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workspaces is totally convenient. Try it :-).
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[[floating_modifier]]
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=== The floating modifier
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To move floating windows with your mouse, you can either grab their titlebar
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or configure the so called floating modifier which you can then press and
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click anywhere in the window itself to move it. The most common setup is to
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use the same key you use for managing windows (Mod1 for example). Then
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you can press Mod1, click into a window using your left mouse button, and drag
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it to the position you want.
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When holding the floating modifier, you can resize a floating window by
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pressing the right mouse button on it and moving around while holding it. If
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you hold the shift button as well, the resize will be proportional.
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*Syntax*:
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--------------------------------
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floating_modifier <Modifiers>
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--------------------------------
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*Examples*:
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--------------------------------
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floating_modifier Mod1
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--------------------------------
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=== Layout mode for new containers
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This option determines in which mode new containers will start. See also
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<<stack-limit>>.
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*Syntax*:
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---------------------------------------------
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new_container <default|stacking|tabbed>
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new_container stack-limit <cols|rows> <value>
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---------------------------------------------
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*Examples*:
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---------------------
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new_container tabbed
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---------------------
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=== Border style for new windows
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This option determines which border style new windows will have.
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*Syntax*:
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---------------------------------------------
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new_window <bp|bn|bb>
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---------------------------------------------
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*Examples*:
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---------------------
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new_window bp
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---------------------
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=== Variables
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As you learned in the section about keyboard bindings, you will have
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to configure lots of bindings containing modifier keys. If you want to save
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yourself some typing and be able to change the modifier you use later,
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variables can be handy.
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*Syntax*:
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--------------
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set name value
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--------------
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*Examples*:
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------------------------
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set $m Mod1
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bindsym $m+Shift+r restart
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------------------------
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Variables are directly replaced in the file when parsing. There is no fancy
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handling and there are absolutely no plans to change this. If you need a more
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dynamic configuration you should create a little script which generates a
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configuration file and run it before starting i3 (for example in your
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+.xsession+ file).
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=== Automatically putting clients on specific workspaces
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[[assign_workspace]]
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It is recommended that you match on window classes wherever possible because
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some applications first create their window, and then worry about setting the
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correct title. Firefox with Vimperator comes to mind. The window starts up
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being named Firefox, and only when Vimperator is loaded does the title change.
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As i3 will get the title as soon as the application maps the window (mapping
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means actually displaying it on the screen), you’d need to have to match on
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'Firefox' in this case.
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You can prefix or suffix workspaces with a `~` to specify that matching clients
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should be put into floating mode. If you specify only a `~`, the client will
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not be put onto any workspace, but will be set floating on the current one.
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*Syntax*:
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------------------------------------------------------------
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assign ["]window class[/window title]["] [→] [~ | workspace]
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------------------------------------------------------------
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*Examples*:
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----------------------
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assign urxvt 2
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assign urxvt → 2
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assign "urxvt" → 2
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assign "urxvt/VIM" → 3
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assign "gecko" → ~4
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assign "xv/MPlayer" → ~
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----------------------
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Note that the arrow is not required, it just looks good :-). If you decide to
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use it, it has to be a UTF-8 encoded arrow, not "->" or something like that.
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=== Automatically starting applications on i3 startup
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By using the +exec+ keyword outside a keybinding, you can configure which
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commands will be performed by i3 on initial startup (not when restarting i3
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in-place however). These commands will be run in order.
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*Syntax*:
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------------
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exec command
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------------
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*Examples*:
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--------------------------------
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exec sudo i3status | dzen2 -dock
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--------------------------------
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[[workspace_screen]]
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=== Automatically putting workspaces on specific screens
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If you assign clients to workspaces, it might be handy to put the
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workspaces on specific screens. Also, the assignment of workspaces to screens
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will determine which workspace i3 uses for a new screen when adding screens
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or when starting (e.g., by default it will use 1 for the first screen, 2 for
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the second screen and so on).
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*Syntax*:
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----------------------------------
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workspace <number> output <output>
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----------------------------------
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The 'output' is the name of the RandR output you attach your screen to. On a
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laptop, you might have VGA1 and LVDS1 as output names. You can see the
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available outputs by running +xrandr --current+.
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*Examples*:
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---------------------------
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workspace 1 output LVDS1
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workspace 5 output VGA1
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---------------------------
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=== Named workspaces
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If you always have a certain arrangement of workspaces, you might want to give
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them names (of course UTF-8 is supported):
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*Syntax*:
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---------------------------------------
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workspace <number> <name>
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workspace <number> output <output> name
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---------------------------------------
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For more details about the 'output' part of this command, see above.
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*Examples*:
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--------------------------
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workspace 1 www
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workspace 2 work
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workspace 3 i ♥ workspaces
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--------------------------
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=== Changing colors
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You can change all colors which i3 uses to draw the window decorations and the
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bottom bar.
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*Syntax*:
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--------------------------------------------
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colorclass border background text
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--------------------------------------------
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Where colorclass can be one of:
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client.focused::
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A client which currently has the focus.
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client.focused_inactive::
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A client which is the focused one of its container, but it does not have
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the focus at the moment.
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client.unfocused::
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A client which is not the focused one of its container.
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client.urgent::
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A client which has its urgency hint activated.
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bar.focused::
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The current workspace in the bottom bar.
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bar.unfocused::
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All other workspaces in the bottom bar.
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bar.urgent::
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A workspace which has at least one client with an activated urgency hint.
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You can also specify the color to be used to paint the background of the client
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windows. This color will be used to paint the window on top of which the client
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will be rendered.
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*Syntax*:
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-----------------------
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client.background color
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-----------------------
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Only clients that do not cover the whole area of this window expose the color
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used to paint it. If you use a color other than black for your terminals, you
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most likely want to set the client background color to the same color as your
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terminal program's background color to avoid black gaps between the rendered
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area of the termianal and the i3 border.
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Colors are in HTML hex format (#rrggbb), see the following example:
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*Examples*:
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--------------------------------------
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# class border backgr. text
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client.focused #2F343A #900000 #FFFFFF
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--------------------------------------
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Note that for the window decorations, the color around the child window is the
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background color, and the border color is only the two thin lines at the top of
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the window.
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=== Interprocess communication
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i3 uses unix sockets to provide an IPC interface. This allows third-party
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programs to get information from i3, such as the current workspaces
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(to display a workspace bar), and to control i3.
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To enable it, you have to configure a path where the unix socket will be
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stored. The default path is +/tmp/i3-ipc.sock+.
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You can override the default path through the environment-variable +I3SOCK+.
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*Examples*:
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----------------------------
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ipc-socket /tmp/i3-ipc.sock
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----------------------------
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You can then use the +i3-msg+ application to perform any command listed in
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the next section.
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|
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=== Disable focus follows mouse
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|
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If you have a setup where your mouse usually is in your way (like a touchpad
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||
on your laptop which you do not want to disable completely), you might want
|
||
to disable 'focus follows mouse' and control focus only by using your keyboard.
|
||
The mouse will still be useful inside the currently active window (for example
|
||
to click on links in your browser window).
|
||
|
||
*Syntax*:
|
||
----------------------------
|
||
focus_follows_mouse <yes|no>
|
||
----------------------------
|
||
|
||
*Examples*:
|
||
----------------------
|
||
focus_follows_mouse no
|
||
----------------------
|
||
|
||
=== Internal workspace bar
|
||
|
||
The internal workspace bar (the thing at the bottom of your screen) is very
|
||
simple -- it does not provide a way to display custom text and it does not
|
||
offer advanced customization features. This is intended because we do not
|
||
want to duplicate functionality of tools like +dzen2+, +xmobar+ and so on
|
||
(they render bars, we manage windows). Instead, there is an option which will
|
||
turn off the internal bar completely, so that you can use a separate program to
|
||
display it (see +i3-wsbar+, a sample implementation of such a program):
|
||
|
||
*Syntax*:
|
||
----------------------
|
||
workspace_bar <yes|no>
|
||
----------------------
|
||
|
||
*Examples*:
|
||
----------------
|
||
workspace_bar no
|
||
----------------
|
||
|
||
== List of commands
|
||
|
||
=== Manipulating layout
|
||
|
||
To change the layout of the current container to stacking, use +s+, for default
|
||
use +d+ and for tabbed, use +T+. To make the current client (!) fullscreen,
|
||
use +f+, to make it span all outputs, use +fg+, to make it floating (or
|
||
tiling again) use +t+:
|
||
|
||
*Examples*:
|
||
--------------
|
||
bindsym Mod1+s s
|
||
bindsym Mod1+l d
|
||
bindsym Mod1+w T
|
||
|
||
# Toggle fullscreen
|
||
bindsym Mod1+f f
|
||
|
||
# Toggle global fullscreen
|
||
bindsym Mod1+Shift+f fg
|
||
|
||
# Toggle floating/tiling
|
||
bindsym Mod1+t t
|
||
--------------
|
||
|
||
=== Focusing/Moving/Snapping clients/containers/screens
|
||
|
||
To change the focus, use one of the +h+, +j+, +k+ and +l+ commands, meaning
|
||
left, down, up, right (respectively). To focus a container, prefix it with
|
||
+wc+. To focus a screen, prefix it with +ws+.
|
||
|
||
The same principle applies for moving and snapping: just prefix the command
|
||
with +m+ when moving and with +s+ when snapping:
|
||
|
||
*Examples*:
|
||
----------------------
|
||
# Focus clients on the left, bottom, top, right:
|
||
bindsym Mod1+j h
|
||
bindsym Mod1+k j
|
||
bindsym Mod1+j k
|
||
bindsym Mod1+semicolon l
|
||
|
||
# Move client to the left, bottom, top, right:
|
||
bindsym Mod1+j mh
|
||
bindsym Mod1+k mj
|
||
bindsym Mod1+j mk
|
||
bindsym Mod1+semicolon ml
|
||
|
||
# Snap client to the left, bottom, top, right:
|
||
bindsym Mod1+j sh
|
||
bindsym Mod1+k sj
|
||
bindsym Mod1+j sk
|
||
bindsym Mod1+semicolon sl
|
||
|
||
# Focus container on the left, bottom, top, right:
|
||
bindsym Mod3+j wch
|
||
…
|
||
----------------------
|
||
|
||
=== Changing workspaces/moving clients to workspaces
|
||
|
||
To change to a specific workspace, the command is just the number of the
|
||
workspace, e.g. +1+ or +3+. To move the current client to a specific workspace,
|
||
prefix the number with an +m+.
|
||
|
||
You can also switch to the next and previous workspace with the commands +nw+
|
||
and +pw+, which is handy, for example, if you have workspace 1, 3, 4 and 9 and
|
||
you want to cycle through them with a single key combination.
|
||
|
||
*Examples*:
|
||
-------------------------
|
||
bindsym Mod1+1 1
|
||
bindsym Mod1+2 2
|
||
...
|
||
|
||
bindsym Mod1+Shift+1 m1
|
||
bindsym Mod1+Shift+2 m2
|
||
...
|
||
|
||
bindsym Mod1+o nw
|
||
bindsym Mod1+p pw
|
||
-------------------------
|
||
|
||
[[resizingconfig]]
|
||
|
||
=== Resizing columns/rows
|
||
|
||
If you want to resize columns/rows using your keyboard, you can use the
|
||
+resize+ command, I recommend using it inside a so called +mode+:
|
||
|
||
.Example: Configuration file, defining a mode for resizing
|
||
----------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
mode "resize" {
|
||
# These bindings trigger as soon as you enter the resize mode
|
||
|
||
# They resize the border in the direction you pressed, e.g.
|
||
# when pressing left, the window is resized so that it has
|
||
# more space on its left
|
||
|
||
bindsym n resize left -10
|
||
bindsym Shift+n resize left +10
|
||
|
||
bindsym r resize bottom +10
|
||
bindsym Shift+r resize bottom -10
|
||
|
||
bindsym t resize top -10
|
||
bindsym Shift+t resize top +10
|
||
|
||
bindsym d resize right +10
|
||
bindsym Shift+d resize right -10
|
||
|
||
bindcode 36 mode default
|
||
}
|
||
|
||
# Enter resize mode
|
||
bindsym Mod1+r mode resize
|
||
----------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
=== Jumping to specific windows
|
||
|
||
Often when in a multi-monitor environment, you want to quickly jump to a
|
||
specific window. For example, while working on workspace 3 you may want to
|
||
jump to your mail client to email your boss that you’ve achieved some
|
||
important goal. Instead of figuring out how to navigate to your mailclient,
|
||
it would be more convenient to have a shortcut.
|
||
|
||
*Syntax*:
|
||
----------------------------------------------------
|
||
jump ["]window class[/window title]["]
|
||
jump workspace [ column row ]
|
||
----------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
You can either use the same matching algorithm as in the +assign+ command
|
||
(see above) or you can specify the position of the client if you always use
|
||
the same layout.
|
||
|
||
*Examples*:
|
||
--------------------------------------
|
||
# Get me to the next open VIM instance
|
||
bindsym Mod1+a jump "urxvt/VIM"
|
||
--------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
=== VIM-like marks (mark/goto)
|
||
|
||
[[vim_like_marks]]
|
||
|
||
This feature is like the jump feature: It allows you to directly jump to a
|
||
specific window (this means switching to the appropriate workspace and setting
|
||
focus to the windows). However, you can directly mark a specific window with
|
||
an arbitrary label and use it afterwards. You do not need to ensure that your
|
||
windows have unique classes or titles, and you do not need to change your
|
||
configuration file.
|
||
|
||
As the command needs to include the label with which you want to mark the
|
||
window, you cannot simply bind it to a key. +i3-input+ is a tool created
|
||
for this purpose: It lets you input a command and sends the command to i3. It
|
||
can also prefix this command and display a custom prompt for the input dialog.
|
||
|
||
*Syntax*:
|
||
-----------------
|
||
mark <identifier>
|
||
goto <identifier>
|
||
-----------------
|
||
|
||
*Examples*:
|
||
---------------------------------------
|
||
# Read 1 character and mark the current window with this character
|
||
bindsym Mod1+m exec i3-input -p 'mark ' -l 1 -P 'Mark: '
|
||
|
||
# Read 1 character and go to the window with the character
|
||
bindsym Mod1+g exec i3-input -p 'goto ' -l 1 -P 'Goto: '
|
||
---------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
Alternatively, if you do not want to mess with +i3-input+, you could create
|
||
seperate bindings for a specific set of labels and then only use those labels.
|
||
|
||
=== Traveling the focus stack
|
||
|
||
This mechanism can be thought of as the opposite of the +jump+ command.
|
||
It travels the focus stack and jumps to the window which had focus previously.
|
||
|
||
*Syntax*:
|
||
--------------
|
||
focus [number] | floating | tiling | ft
|
||
--------------
|
||
|
||
Where +number+ by default is 1 meaning that the next client in the focus stack
|
||
will be selected.
|
||
|
||
The special values have the following meaning:
|
||
|
||
floating::
|
||
The next floating window is selected.
|
||
tiling::
|
||
The next tiling window is selected.
|
||
ft::
|
||
If the current window is floating, the next tiling window will be
|
||
selected; and vice-versa.
|
||
|
||
=== Changing border style
|
||
|
||
To change the border of the current client, you can use +bn+ to use the normal
|
||
border (including window title), +bp+ to use a 1-pixel border (no window title)
|
||
and +bb+ to make the client borderless. There is also +bt+ which will toggle
|
||
the different border styles.
|
||
|
||
*Examples*:
|
||
------------------
|
||
bindsym Mod1+t bn
|
||
bindsym Mod1+y bp
|
||
bindsym Mod1+u bb
|
||
------------------
|
||
|
||
[[stack-limit]]
|
||
|
||
=== Changing the stack-limit of a container
|
||
|
||
If you have a single container with a lot of windows inside it (say, more than
|
||
10), the default layout of a stacking container can get a little unhandy.
|
||
Depending on your screen’s size, you might end up seeing only half of the
|
||
titlebars for each window in the container.
|
||
|
||
Using the +stack-limit+ command, you can limit the number of rows or columns
|
||
in a stacking container. i3 will create columns or rows (depending on what
|
||
you limited) automatically as needed.
|
||
|
||
*Syntax*:
|
||
--------------------------------
|
||
stack-limit <cols|rows> <value>
|
||
--------------------------------
|
||
|
||
*Examples*:
|
||
-------------------
|
||
# I always want to have two window titles in one line
|
||
stack-limit cols 2
|
||
|
||
# Not more than 5 rows in this stacking container
|
||
stack-limit rows 5
|
||
-------------------
|
||
|
||
image:stacklimit.png[Container limited to two columns]
|
||
|
||
=== Reloading/Restarting/Exiting
|
||
|
||
You can make i3 reload its configuration file with +reload+. You can also
|
||
restart i3 inplace with the +restart+ command to get it out of some weird state
|
||
(if that should ever happen) or to perform an upgrade without having to restart
|
||
your X session. However, your layout is not preserved at the moment, meaning
|
||
that all open windows will end up in a single container in default layout
|
||
after the restart. To exit i3 properly, you can use the +exit+ command,
|
||
however you don’t need to (simply killing your X session is fine as well).
|
||
|
||
*Examples*:
|
||
----------------------------
|
||
bindsym Mod1+Shift+r restart
|
||
bindsym Mod1+Shift+w reload
|
||
bindsym Mod1+Shift+e exit
|
||
----------------------------
|
||
|
||
[[multi_monitor]]
|
||
|
||
== Multiple monitors
|
||
|
||
As you can see in the goal list on the website, i3 was specifically developed
|
||
with support for multiple monitors in mind. This section will explain how to
|
||
handle multiple monitors.
|
||
|
||
When you have only one monitor, things are simple. You usually start with
|
||
workspace 1 on your monitor and open new ones as you need them.
|
||
|
||
When you have more than one monitor, each monitor will get an initial
|
||
workspace. The first monitor gets 1, the second gets 2 and a possible third
|
||
would get 3. When you switch to a workspace on a different monitor, i3 will
|
||
switch to that monitor and then switch to the workspace. This way, you don’t
|
||
need shortcuts to switch to a specific monitor, and you don’t need to remember
|
||
where you put which workspace. New workspaces will be opened on the currently
|
||
active monitor. It is not possible to have a monitor without a workspace.
|
||
|
||
The idea of making workspaces global is based on the observation that most
|
||
users have a very limited set of workspaces on their additional monitors.
|
||
They are often used for a specific task (browser, shell) or for monitoring
|
||
several things (mail, IRC, syslog, …). Thus, using one workspace on one monitor
|
||
and "the rest" on the other monitors often makes sense. However, as you can
|
||
create an unlimited number of workspaces in i3 and tie them to specific
|
||
screens, you can have the "traditional" approach of having X workspaces per
|
||
screen by changing your configuration (using modes, for example).
|
||
|
||
=== Configuring your monitors
|
||
|
||
To help you get going if you have never used multiple monitors before, here is
|
||
a short overview of the xrandr options which will probably be of interest to
|
||
you. It is always useful to get an overview of the current screen configuration.
|
||
Just run "xrandr" and you will get an output like the following:
|
||
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
$ xrandr
|
||
Screen 0: minimum 320 x 200, current 1280 x 800, maximum 8192 x 8192
|
||
VGA1 disconnected (normal left inverted right x axis y axis)
|
||
LVDS1 connected 1280x800+0+0 (normal left inverted right x axis y axis) 261mm x 163mm
|
||
1280x800 60.0*+ 50.0
|
||
1024x768 85.0 75.0 70.1 60.0
|
||
832x624 74.6
|
||
800x600 85.1 72.2 75.0 60.3 56.2
|
||
640x480 85.0 72.8 75.0 59.9
|
||
720x400 85.0
|
||
640x400 85.1
|
||
640x350 85.1
|
||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
|
||
Several things are important here: You can see that +LVDS1+ is connected (of
|
||
course, it is the internal flat panel) but +VGA1+ is not. If you have a monitor
|
||
connected to one of the ports but xrandr still says "disconnected", you should
|
||
check your cable, monitor or graphics driver.
|
||
|
||
The maximum resolution you can see at the end of the first line is the maximum
|
||
combined resolution of your monitors. By default, it is usually too low and has
|
||
to be increased by editing +/etc/X11/xorg.conf+.
|
||
|
||
So, say you connected VGA1 and want to use it as an additional screen:
|
||
-------------------------------------------
|
||
xrandr --output VGA1 --auto --left-of LVDS1
|
||
-------------------------------------------
|
||
This command makes xrandr try to find the native resolution of the device
|
||
connected to +VGA1+ and configures it to the left of your internal flat panel.
|
||
When running "xrandr" again, the output looks like this:
|
||
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
$ xrandr
|
||
Screen 0: minimum 320 x 200, current 2560 x 1024, maximum 8192 x 8192
|
||
VGA1 connected 1280x1024+0+0 (normal left inverted right x axis y axis) 338mm x 270mm
|
||
1280x1024 60.0*+ 75.0
|
||
1280x960 60.0
|
||
1152x864 75.0
|
||
1024x768 75.1 70.1 60.0
|
||
832x624 74.6
|
||
800x600 72.2 75.0 60.3 56.2
|
||
640x480 72.8 75.0 66.7 60.0
|
||
720x400 70.1
|
||
LVDS1 connected 1280x800+1280+0 (normal left inverted right x axis y axis) 261mm x 163mm
|
||
1280x800 60.0*+ 50.0
|
||
1024x768 85.0 75.0 70.1 60.0
|
||
832x624 74.6
|
||
800x600 85.1 72.2 75.0 60.3 56.2
|
||
640x480 85.0 72.8 75.0 59.9
|
||
720x400 85.0
|
||
640x400 85.1
|
||
640x350 85.1
|
||
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||
Please note that i3 uses exactly the same API as xrandr does, so it will see
|
||
only what you can see in xrandr.
|
||
|
||
See also <<presentations>> for more examples of multi-monitor setups.
|
||
|
||
=== Interesting configuration for multi-monitor environments
|
||
|
||
There are several things to configure in i3 which may be interesting if you
|
||
have more than one monitor:
|
||
|
||
1. You can specify which workspace should be put on which screen. This
|
||
allows you to have a different set of workspaces when starting than just
|
||
1 for the first monitor, 2 for the second and so on. See
|
||
<<workspace_screen>>.
|
||
2. If you want some applications to generally open on the bigger screen
|
||
(MPlayer, Firefox, …), you can assign them to a specific workspace, see
|
||
<<assign_workspace>>.
|
||
3. If you have many workspaces on many monitors, it might get hard to keep
|
||
track of which window you put where. Thus, you can use vim-like marks to
|
||
quickly switch between windows. See <<vim_like_marks>>.
|
||
|
||
== i3 and the rest of your software world
|
||
|
||
=== Displaying a status line
|
||
|
||
A very common thing amongst users of exotic window managers is a status line at
|
||
some corner of the screen. It is an often superior replacement to the widget
|
||
approach you have in the task bar of a traditional desktop environment.
|
||
|
||
If you don’t already have your favorite way of generating such a status line
|
||
(self-written scripts, conky, …), then i3status is the recommended tool for
|
||
this task. It was written in C with the goal of using as few syscalls as
|
||
possible to reduce the time your CPU is woken up from sleep states.
|
||
|
||
Regardless of which application you use to generate the status line, you
|
||
want to make sure that the application does one of the following things:
|
||
|
||
1. Register as a dock window using EWMH hints. This will make i3 position the
|
||
window above the workspace bar but below every other client. This is the
|
||
recommended way, but in case of dzen2, for example, you need to check out
|
||
the source of dzen2 from subversion, as the -dock option is not present
|
||
in the released versions.
|
||
2. Overlay the internal workspace bar. This method will not waste any space
|
||
on the workspace bar, however, it is rather hackish. Just configure
|
||
the output window to be over the workspace bar (say -x 200 and -y 780 if
|
||
your screen is 800 px height).
|
||
|
||
The planned solution for this problem is to make the workspace bar optional
|
||
and switch to a third party application completely (dzen2 for example)
|
||
which will then contain the workspace bar.
|
||
|
||
=== Giving presentations (multi-monitor)
|
||
|
||
When giving a presentation, you typically want the audience to see what you see
|
||
on your screen and then go through a series of slides (if the presentation is
|
||
simple). For more complex presentations, you might want to have some notes
|
||
which only you can see on your screen, while the audience can only see the
|
||
slides.
|
||
|
||
[[presentations]]
|
||
==== Case 1: everybody gets the same output
|
||
This is the simple case. You connect your computer to the video projector,
|
||
turn on both (computer and video projector) and configure your X server to
|
||
clone the internal flat panel of your computer to the video output:
|
||
-----------------------------------------------------
|
||
xrandr --output VGA1 --mode 1024x768 --same-as LVDS1
|
||
-----------------------------------------------------
|
||
i3 will then use the lowest common subset of screen resolutions, the rest of
|
||
your screen will be left untouched (it will show the X background). So, in
|
||
our example, this would be 1024x768 (my notebook has 1280x800).
|
||
|
||
==== Case 2: you can see more than your audience
|
||
This case is a bit harder. First of all, you should configure the VGA output
|
||
somewhere near your internal flat panel, say right of it:
|
||
-----------------------------------------------------
|
||
xrandr --output VGA1 --mode 1024x768 --right-of LVDS1
|
||
-----------------------------------------------------
|
||
Now, i3 will put a new workspace (depending on your settings) on the new screen
|
||
and you are in multi-monitor mode (see <<multi_monitor>>).
|
||
|
||
Because i3 is not a compositing window manager, there is no ability to
|
||
display a window on two screens at the same time. Instead, your presentation
|
||
software needs to do this job (that is, open a window on each screen).
|