511 lines
19 KiB
TeX
511 lines
19 KiB
TeX
%
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% © 2009 Michael Stapelberg
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%
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% 2009-06-24
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%
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\documentclass[mode=print,paper=screen,style=jefka]{powerdot}
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\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
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\usepackage{graphicx}
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\usepackage{float}
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\usepackage{ngerman}
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\usepackage{url}
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\usepackage{listings}
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\newcommand{\bs}{\textbackslash}
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\pdsetup{palette=white}
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\definecolor{darkblue}{rgb}{0,0,.6}
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\definecolor{darkred}{rgb}{.6,0,0}
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\definecolor{darkgreen}{rgb}{0,.6,0}
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\definecolor{darkgray}{gray}{.3}
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\definecolor{lightblue}{rgb}{0.97,0.99,1}
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\lstloadlanguages{C}
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\lstdefinestyle{colors}{keywordstyle={\bf\color{darkblue}}, commentstyle={\em\color{magenta}}, stringstyle={\color{darkred}},%
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emphstyle={\color{darkgray}}}
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\lstnewenvironment{code}{%
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\lstset{frame=single, basicstyle=\footnotesize\ttfamily, language=C, showstringspaces=false,%
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style=colors, numbers=left, morekeywords={xcb_get_window_attributes_cookie_t, xcb_map_request_event_t,%
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xcb_connection_t, xcb_get_window_attributes_reply_t, window_attributes_t, xcb_intern_atom_cookie_t,%
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xcb_intern_atom_reply_t, xcb_atom_t, uint32_t, uint16_t, foreach, UINT_MAX, NULL},%
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moreemph={xcb_get_window_attributes_reply, xcb_get_window_attributes_unchecked, manage_window,%
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add_ignore_event, xcb_intern_atom, xcb_intern_atom_reply, fprintf, printf, free, load_configuration,%
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XInternAtom, exit, strlen, xcb_change_window_attributes, xcb_event_wait_for_event_loop,%
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xcb_event_set_key_press_handler, xcb_property_set_handler}}
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}{}
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\newcommand{\isrc}[1]{\begin{center} \footnotesize\ttfamily Siehe auch: #1 \end{center}}
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\title{Hacking your own window manager}
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\author{sECuRE auf der GPN 8\\
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~\\
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powered by \LaTeX, of course}
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\begin{document}
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\maketitle
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\begin{slide}{Dieser Vortrag}
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\begin{list}{$\bullet$}{\itemsep=.5em}
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\item Geschichte/Einführung in Window Manager
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\item Merkmale von i3
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\item Window Manager und X11
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%
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% zuerst: wie funktioniert ein client?
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%
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% WM ist nur ein weiterer Client
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% Keine Rechteverwaltung, prinzipiell darf jeder Fenster schubsen
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% Clients können Events abfangen, der WM macht das halt für das root-fenster
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\item Arbeitsumgebung
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\item XCB
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\item Setup
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\item Reparenting (Window Decorations)
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%\item fake\_configure\_notify
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%\item Colorpixel
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%\item UTF-8
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% irgendwo da erwähnen: fenster in eine hashtable aufnehmen
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\item Events
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% (die kriegt man natürlich nur wenn man redirectmask gesetzt hat:)
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% MapRequest
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% ConfigureRequest
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\item Hints (Titel, Klassen, Größen, …)
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% Atoms
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% NetWM
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% - NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE
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% - NET_WM_NAME
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% - in kombination mit NET_SUPPORTING_WM_CHECK auf dem rootfenster
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% - NET_WM_STRUT_PARTIAL
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% ICCCM
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% - Normal hints / size hints (warum zwei namen?)
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% - Aspect ratio, wichtig z.B. für mplayer
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% - min/max size, interessant primär für floating
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% - WM_NAME
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% - WM_TRANSIENT_FOR
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% - WM_CLASS
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\item Gotchas
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% flush()
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% WM_STATE_NORMAL und drag&drop in gtk-apps
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\item Zusammenfassung
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% TODO
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\end{list}
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\end{slide}
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\begin{slide}{Geschichte/Einführung}
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\begin{list}{$\bullet$}{\itemsep=1em}
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\item<1-> „All window managers suck, this one just sucks less”?
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\item<2-> Desktop environment vs. window manager (GNOME, KDE, Xfce, …)
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\item<3-> Stacking (e17, fluxbox, IceWM, fvwm, …) vs Tiling (dwm, wmii, xmonad, …)
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\item<4-> dwm, awesome, xmonad, …: statisches Layout
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% gedanke: man braucht sich nicht mal mehr um das layout kümmern
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\item<5-> wmii, ion: dynamisches layout
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\item<6-> Probleme an ion: tuomov (Lizenz, Kommunikation), Config, Look and feel, Code
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\item<7-> Probleme an wmii: Xinerama-support, Xlib, undokumentierter Code, nur Spalten, keine Reihen, Kleinigkeiten (titellose Fenster)
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\end{list}
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\end{slide}
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\begin{slide}{Merkmale von i3}
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\begin{list}{$\bullet$}{\itemsep=1em}
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\item<1-> gut lesbarer, dokumentierter Code. Dokumentation.
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\item<2-> XCB anstelle von Xlib
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\item<3-> Xinerama done right™
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\item<4-> Spalten und Zeilen, Tabelle als Basis
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\item<5-> command-mode, wie in vim
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\item<6-> UTF-8 clean
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\item<7-> kein Antialiasing, schlank und schnell bleiben
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\end{list}
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\end{slide}
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\begin{slide}{Typische Kommunikation mit X}
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\begin{list}{$\bullet$}{\itemsep=1em}
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\item<1-> Verbindung aufbauen
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\item<2-> Requests über die Leitung schicken (Fenster erzeugen)
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\begin{list}{$\bullet$}{\itemsep=1em}
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\item Cookie für jeden Request
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\item Antwort für spezifisches Cookie abholen
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\item $\Rightarrow$ Asynchronität nutzbar
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\end{list}
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\item<3-> Eventloop starten, reagieren (Fenster zeichnen, Eingaben, …)
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\end{list}
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\end{slide}
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\begin{slide}{Was genau macht ein WM?}
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\begin{list}{$\bullet$}{\itemsep=1em}
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\item<1-> Events umlenken
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\item<2-> Neue Fenster anzeigen/positionieren (MapRequest)
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\item<3-> Titelleisten malen (reparenting)
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\item<4-> Den Fokus verwalten
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\item<5-> Mit Hints umgehen (Fenstertitel, Fullscreen, Dock, …)
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\item<6-> Auf Benutzereingaben reagieren
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\end{list}
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\end{slide}
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\begin{slide}[method=direct]{Window Manager und X11 (1)}
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\includegraphics[width=1\textwidth]{xserver_konzept.eps}
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\end{slide}
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\begin{slide}{Window Manager und X11 (2)}
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\begin{list}{$\bullet$}{\itemsep=1em}
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\item<1-> Keine Rechteaufteilung, prinzipiell kann jeder Fenster managen
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\item<2-> Window Manager verantwortlich für alle Kinder das Root-Fensters
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\item<3-> RedirectMask, lässt sich Events des Root-Fensters schicken
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\item<4-> Setzt hints auf dem Root-Fenster
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\end{list}
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\end{slide}
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\begin{slide}{Arbeitsumgebung}
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\begin{list}{$\bullet$}{\itemsep=1em}
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\item X sinnvoll beim Entwickeln $\Rightarrow$ anderen Computer verwenden oder Xephyr
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\item xtrace dazwischenschalten (sowohl zwischen WM und X11 als auch zwischen Clients und X11 sinnvoll)\\
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\texttt{DISPLAY=:1 xtrace -o /tmp/xtrace.log -n :9}
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\item \texttt{xprop} zeigt Hints an, \texttt{xwininfo} gibt Struktur aus
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\item als ersten Client ein Terminal starten $\Rightarrow$ wenn der WM crashed lebt
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die X-Session noch\\
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\texttt{DISPLAY=:1 urxvt \&}
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\item Debugger, strace, logfiles, core-dumps aktivieren\\
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(Siehe auch \url{http://i3wm.org/docs/debugging.html})
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\end{list}
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\end{slide}
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\begin{slide}{XCB}
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\begin{list}{$\bullet$}{\itemsep=1em}
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\item \url{http://xcb.freedesktop.org/}
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\item<1-> „X-protocol C-language Binding”
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\item<2-> Klein, wartbar (aus einer Protokollbeschreibung auto-generiert)
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\item<3-> Sinnvoll benannte Funktionsnamen und Datentypen
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\item<4-> Nutzt die Asynchronität von X aus
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\item<5-> Allerdings: Sehr spärlich dokumentiert, man muss mit Xlib-Doku arbeiten
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\item<6-> xcb-util: XCB noch mal ein bisschen gekapselt, nützliche Funktionen abstrahiert
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\end{list}
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\end{slide}
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\begin{slide}[method=direct]{Xlib-Beispielcode}
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\begin{code}
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char *names[10] = {"_NET_SUPPORTED", "_NET_WM_STATE",
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"_NET_WM_STATE_FULLSCREEN", "_NET_WM_NAME" /* ... */};
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Atom atoms[10];
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/* Get atoms */
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for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
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atoms[i] = XInternAtom(display, names[i], 0);
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}
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\end{code}
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\end{slide}
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\begin{slide}[method=direct]{XCB-Beispielcode}
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\begin{code}
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char *names[10] = {"_NET_SUPPORTED", "_NET_WM_STATE",
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"_NET_WM_STATE_FULLSCREEN", "_NET_WM_NAME" /* ... */};
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xcb_intern_atom_cookie_t cookies[10];
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/* Place requests for atoms as soon as possible */
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for (int c = 0; c < 10; c++)
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cookies[c] = xcb_intern_atom(connection, 0,
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strlen(names[c]), names[c]);
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/* Do other stuff here */
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load_configuration();
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/* Get atoms */
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for (int c = 0; c < 10; c++) {
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xcb_intern_atom_reply_t *reply =
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xcb_intern_atom_reply(connection, cookies[c], NULL);
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if (!reply) {
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fprintf(stderr, "Could not get atom\n");
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exit(-1);
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}
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printf("atom has ID %d\n", reply->atom);
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free(reply);
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}
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\end{code}
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\end{slide}
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\begin{slide}[method=direct]{Setup}
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\begin{code}
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get_atoms();
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xcb_event_set_key_press_handler(&evenths, handle_key_press, NULL);
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xcb_property_set_handler(&prophs, WM_TRANSIENT_FOR, UINT_MAX,
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handle_transient_for, NULL);
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xcb_grab_key(conn, 0, root, modifier, keycode,
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XCB_GRAB_MODE_SYNC, XCB_GRAB_MODE_ASYNC);
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xcb_grab_key(conn, 0, root, modifier | xcb_numlock_mask, keycode,
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XCB_GRAB_MODE_SYNC, XCB_GRAB_MODE_ASYNC);
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uint32_t values[] = { XCB_EVENT_MASK_SUBSTRUCTURE_REDIRECT |
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XCB_EVENT_MASK_STRUCTURE_NOTIFY |
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XCB_EVENT_MASK_PROPERTY_CHANGE |
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XCB_EVENT_MASK_ENTER_WINDOW };
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xcb_change_window_attributes(conn, root, XCB_CW_EVENT_MASK, values);
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manage_existing_windows();
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xcb_event_wait_for_event_loop(&evenths);
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\end{code}
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\isrc{i3/src/mainx.c:370ff}
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\end{slide}
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\begin{slide}[method=direct]{Reparenting}
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\includegraphics[width=1\textwidth]{reparenting.eps}
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\begin{enumerate}
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\item (App) Fenster wird konfiguriert (Position, Größe, …)
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\item (App) MapRequest
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\item (WM) Window Manager erstellt eigenes Fenster
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\item (WM) Reparent = neues Fenster kriegt statt root das WM-Fenster als parent
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\item (WM) Mappen des neuen Fensters
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\end{enumerate}
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\end{slide}
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\begin{slide}[method=direct]{fake\_configure\_notify}
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\begin{list}{$\bullet$}{\itemsep=.5em}
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\item (Alte) Reparented clients kriegen nichts mit, denken relativ zum root-Fenster
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\item $\Rightarrow$ Window Manager tut so, als würde das Fenster neu konfiguriert, sendet den Event mit absoluten statt relativen Koordinaten
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\item Sieht man sehr gut an \texttt{xfontsel} und anderen Anwendungen, die Xaw (X Athena widget set) verwenden
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\end{list}
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\begin{code}
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xcb_configure_notify_event_t generated_event;
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generated_event.window = window;
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generated_event.response_type = XCB_CONFIGURE_NOTIFY;
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generated_event.x = r.x;
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/* ... */
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generated_event.override_redirect = false;
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xcb_send_event(conn, false, window,
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XCB_EVENT_MASK_STRUCTURE_NOTIFY,
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(char*)&generated_event);
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\end{code}
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\isrc{i3/src/xcb.c:193ff}
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\end{slide}
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\begin{slide}[method=direct]{Events: button\_press}
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\begin{list}{$\bullet$}{\itemsep=.5em}
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\item Aktiv grabben, die Anwendung soll keinen Klick bekommen, wenn der Nutzer das Fenster verschiebt
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\end{list}
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\begin{code}
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int handle_button_press(void *ignored, xcb_connection_t *conn,
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xcb_button_press_event_t *event) {
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/* ... */
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if ((event->state & XCB_MOD_MASK_1) != 0)
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floating_drag_window(conn, client, event);
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/* ... */
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if (event->detail == XCB_BUTTON_INDEX_4 ||
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event->detail == XCB_BUTTON_INDEX_5) {
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LOG("User scrolled\n");
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return 1;
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}
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/* if unhandled, forward the click to the application */
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xcb_allow_events(conn, XCB_ALLOW_REPLAY_POINTER, event->time);
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return 1;
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}
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\end{code}
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\isrc{i3/src/handlers.c:148ff}
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\end{slide}
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\begin{slide}[method=direct]{Events: enter\_notify}
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\begin{list}{$\bullet$}{\itemsep=.5em}
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\item Der Mauszeiger ist über dem Fenster gelandet
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\item Auch unabsichtlich: Wenn das Fenster unter den Mauszeiger konfiguriert wird
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\item $\Rightarrow$ Blacklist an Events, die man ignorieren muss
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\end{list}
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\begin{code}
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int handle_enter_notify(void *ignored, xcb_connection_t *conn,
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xcb_enter_notify_event_t *event) {
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if (event_is_ignored(event->sequence))
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return 1;
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Client *client = table_get(&by_parent, event->event);
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if (client == NULL) {
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return 1; /* user moved cursor to another screen */
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}
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set_focus(conn, client, false);
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return 1;
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}
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\end{code}
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\isrc{i3/src/handlers.c:148ff}
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\end{slide}
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\begin{slide}[method=direct]{Events: key\_press }
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\begin{list}{$\bullet$}{\itemsep=.5em}
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\item Aktives key grabbing: WM entscheidet, ob Tastendruck weitergeht, also bei der Anwendung ankommt (kann abfangen)
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\item Passives key grabbing: WM kriegt einen event
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\end{list}
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\begin{code}
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uint16_t state_filtered =
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event->state & ~(xcb_numlock_mask | XCB_MOD_MASK_LOCK);
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state_filtered &= 0xFF; /* filter mouse buttons */
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foreach (binding) {
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if (binding->keycode == event->detail &&
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binding->mods == state_filtered) {
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/* do fancy stuff here */
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break;
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}
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}
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\end{code}
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\isrc{i3/src/handlers.c:100ff}
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\end{slide}
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\begin{slide}[method=direct]{Events: key\_press (2), Mode\_switch }
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\begin{list}{$\bullet$}{\itemsep=.25em}
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\item \texttt{event->state} enthält nie das Mode\_switch-Bit, Bug in X
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\item XKB hilft, den korrekten state zu ermitteln
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\item $\Rightarrow$ Mode\_switch nicht als modifier in \texttt{xcb\_grab\_key} verwendbar
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\item $\Rightarrow$ wir grabben alle keys aktiv (!) und filtern selbst nach Mode\_switch
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\end{list}
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\begin{code}
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/* ... state_filtered is already cleaned */
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XkbStateRec state;
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if (XkbGetState(xkbdpy, XkbUseCoreKbd, &state) == Success &&
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(state.group+1) == 2)
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state_filtered |= BIND_MODE_SWITCH;
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foreach (binding)
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if (binding->keycode == event->detail &&
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binding->mods == state_filtered) {
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xcb_allow_events(conn, SyncKeyboard, event->time);
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return; /* after doing actual stuff, of course */
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}
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xcb_allow_events(conn, ReplayKeyboard, event->time);
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\end{code}
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\isrc{i3/src/handlers.c:100ff}
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\end{slide}
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\begin{slide}[method=direct]{Umlaute und Sonderzeichen}
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\includegraphics[width=.5\textwidth]{xft.eps}
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\begin{list}{$\bullet$}{\itemsep=.1em}
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\item Verschiedene APIs fürs Rendern von Text: X Core Fonts und xft
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\item xft = X FreeType, antialiased fonts, Pango, GTK
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\item Problem mit X Core Fonts: keine Sonderzeichen
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\item …oder? \texttt{misc-fixed-*-iso10646}, also X Core Fonts mit Universal Character Set (= Unicode-Zeichen). Nicht 100\% vollständig
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\item urxvt: benutzt beide APIs, pro Glyph unterschiedlich
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\item Trend geht leider zu fontconfig/xft :-(
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\end{list}
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\end{slide}
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\begin{slide}[method=direct]{Umlaute und Sonderzeichen (2)}
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\begin{list}{$\bullet$}{\itemsep=.5em}
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\item X hat eigenes Encoding: Compound Text
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\item Früher ICCCM (Compound text, z.B. Atom WM\_NAME)\\
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ICCCM = Inter-Client Communication Conventions Manual
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\item heute EWMH (UTF-8, z.B. Atom \_NET\_WM\_NAME)\\
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EWMH = Extended Window Manager Hints (= NetWM)
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\item XImageText16 (bzw xcb\_image\_text\_16) erwartet UCS-2\\
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$\Rightarrow$ \texttt{iconv\_open(UCS2\_BE, UTF-8)}
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\end{list}
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\isrc{i3/src/util.c:191ff, i3/src/handlers.c:663ff}
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\end{slide}
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\begin{slide}[method=direct]{Colorpixel}
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\begin{list}{$\bullet$}{\itemsep=.5em}
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\item Heutzutage: TrueColor. Früher: 8 bit o.ä.
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\item Colormaps: Geben an welche Farben die Hardware kann
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\item Colorpixel: Ein Wert aus der Colormap, der der gewünschten Farbe am nähesten kommt
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\item Bei TrueColor: \texttt{return (red << 16) + (green << 8) + blue;}
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\item Alles andere: Round-Trip zum X-Server:
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\end{list}
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\begin{code}
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#define RGB_8_TO_16(i) (65535 * ((i) & 0xFF) / 255)
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xcb_alloc_color_reply_t *reply;
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reply = xcb_alloc_color_reply(conn, xcb_alloc_color(conn,
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root_screen->default_colormap, RGB_8_TO_16(red),
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RGB_8_TO_16(green), RGB_8_TO_16(blue)), NULL);
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if (!reply)
|
||
die("Could not allocate color\n");
|
||
return reply->pixel;
|
||
\end{code}
|
||
\isrc{i3/src/xcb.c:76ff}
|
||
\end{slide}
|
||
|
||
\begin{slide}[method=direct]{Hints}
|
||
\begin{list}{$\bullet$}{\itemsep=.5em}
|
||
\item NetWM
|
||
\begin{description}
|
||
\item[NET\_WM\_WINDOW\_TYPE] dock, dialog, utility, toolbar, splashscreen
|
||
\item[NET\_WM\_NAME] Fenstertitel (UTF-8), auch auf dem root-Fenster
|
||
\item[NET\_WM\_STRUT\_PARTIAL] Reservierter Bereich am Bildschirmrand (Docks), z.B. für dzen2
|
||
\end{description}
|
||
\item ICCCM
|
||
\begin{description}
|
||
\item[WM\_NAME] Fenstertitel (Compound Text)
|
||
\item[WM\_TRANSIENT\_FOR] Zugehöriges, "`temporäres"' Fenster für Anwendung X ($\Rightarrow$ floating)
|
||
\item[WM\_CLASS] Fensterklasse (z.B. "`urxvt"'), praktisch zum identifizieren
|
||
\item[WM\_NORMAL\_HINTS] (Size hints), beinhaltet Aspect Ratio (mplayer!), minimale und maximale Größe
|
||
\end{description}
|
||
\end{list}
|
||
\end{slide}
|
||
|
||
\begin{slide}[method=direct]{Hints (2)}
|
||
\begin{code}
|
||
int handle_transient_for(void *data, xcb_connection_t *conn,
|
||
uint8_t state, xcb_window_t window,
|
||
xcb_atom_t name, xcb_get_property_reply_t *reply)
|
||
{
|
||
xcb_window_t transient_for;
|
||
if (reply != NULL) {
|
||
if (!xcb_get_wm_transient_for_from_reply(&transient_for, reply)) {
|
||
LOG("Not transient for any window\n");
|
||
return 1;
|
||
}
|
||
} else {
|
||
if (!xcb_get_wm_transient_for_reply(conn,
|
||
xcb_get_wm_transient_for_unchecked(conn, window),
|
||
&transient_for, NULL)) {
|
||
LOG("Not transient for any window\n");
|
||
return 1;
|
||
}
|
||
}
|
||
if (client->floating == FLOATING_AUTO_OFF)
|
||
toggle_floating_mode(conn, client, true);
|
||
return 1;
|
||
}
|
||
\end{code}
|
||
\end{slide}
|
||
|
||
\begin{slide}[method=direct]{Gotchas}
|
||
\begin{list}{$\bullet$}{\itemsep=.5em}
|
||
\item Flushing (\texttt{xcb\_flush(connection);})
|
||
\item \texttt{WM\_STATE} != \texttt{WM\_STATE\_NORMAL}
|
||
\item Eventloops / Caching von xcb (GIMP splash screen)
|
||
\end{list}
|
||
\end{slide}
|
||
|
||
|
||
\begin{slide}{Zusammenfassung}
|
||
\begin{list}{$\bullet$}{\itemsep=.5em}
|
||
\item Bindings aufsetzen, Eventmask konfigurieren
|
||
\item Events/Hints abarbeiten
|
||
\item Decorations zeichnen
|
||
\end{list}
|
||
\end{slide}
|
||
|
||
\begin{slide}{Lust bekommen?}
|
||
\begin{list}{$\bullet$}{\itemsep=1em}
|
||
\item git clone \url{git://code.stapelberg.de/i3}
|
||
\item development branch: \texttt{git checkout --track -b next origin/next}
|
||
\item Debian: \texttt{apt-get install i3-wm/unstable}
|
||
\item non-Debian: \texttt{cd i3; cat DEPENDS; make \&\& sudo make install}
|
||
\item in \~{}/.xsession: \texttt{exec /usr/bin/i3}
|
||
\item Siehe manpage \texttt{i3(1)}, user’s guide, how to hack
|
||
\end{list}
|
||
\end{slide}
|
||
|
||
\begin{slide}{exit(0);}
|
||
\begin{list}{$\bullet$}{\itemsep=1em}
|
||
\item git-webinterface: \url{http://code.stapelberg.de/git/i3}
|
||
\item Website: \url{http://i3wm.org}
|
||
\item IRC: \#i3 auf irc.twice-irc.de
|
||
\item xcb: \url{http://xcb.freedesktop.org/}
|
||
\item 50-Zeilen-WM: \url{http://incise.org/tinywm.html}
|
||
\item „Why X is not our ideal window system”: \url{http://www.std.org/~msm/common/WhyX.pdf}
|
||
\item …noch Fragen?
|
||
\end{list}
|
||
\end{slide}
|
||
|
||
\end{document}
|